DESIGN
PAPER 1 (THEORY)
GRADE 12 
NSC PAST PAPERS AND MEMOS
FEBRUARY/MARCH 2018

MEMORANDUM 

SECTION A: DESIGN LITERACY 
QUESTION 1: 'UNSEEN' EXAMPLES [10 marks] 
Candidates answer EITHER QUESTION 1.1 OR QUESTION 1.2 
1.1 

1.1.1 [Allocate 8 marks in total: a maximum of 2 marks per element/principle] 

• Colour scheme:
  The surface design makes use of earthy colours which can be found in  nature. ? The colours are warm sepia browns, oranges, yellow ochre and  umber. This identifies with an African aesthetic. ? This earthy range of harmonious colours relates to the title Animal Tribal. ? The background is a  light beige colour tone which imitates a grainy texture. ?
• Line: 
  The surface design uses strong, bold lines that enhance the graphic 2D  quality of the design. ? All the patterns are created with thick cloissonistic  lines forming diamond-like patterns creating an exotic design. ? The organic  lines seem to be inspired by animal patterns, ceremonial masks, tribal  artefacts and plants, e.g. leaves and mealies. ? The lines can also refer to  ritualistic skin scarring or marking practices performed in some African  cultures or societies. ? The compositional structure is divided up into a criss cross grid. ? 
• Rhythm:
  The repetition of colours, shapes, images and bold lines creates curved and  zigzag rhythms creating an exotic design. ? The curves are placed in a criss cross grid which is arranged in columns or strips that are repeatedly used  throughout the textile design. ? 
• Positive and negative space:
  The surface design uses an all over arrangement of positive and negative  spaces with no specific focal point. ? The design makes use of positive and  negative space in a clever manner as your eyes are drawn into the images  and shapes because of the bold use of colours. ? 

Credit any other valid statements.
1.1.2 [Allocate 2 marks] 
The title of the surface design already places the work in an African context .? The  surface design utilises African images such as animal prints and African plants as  its subject matter which gives it an African feel or aesthetic. ? The forms are stylised, simplified, cut down or economised to its basics as is done in  traditional African designs like African masks also giving it an African quality and  aesthetic. ? 

OR 
1.2 

1.2.1 [Allocate 8 marks in total: a maximum of 2 marks each per element/principle]    

• Form: The lamp is created to resemble a realistic image of South Africa's  national flower: the protea. ? The conical 3-D form is constructed from wire  and a variety of multi-coloured glass beads. ? These beads are cleverly used  to hide the bulb of the lamp. The transparent outside leaf forms are left open  and create a radial frame around the flower's core. ? The large 3-D form is  sculptural and its outstretched leaves seem to be celebrating our national and  'Proudly South African' heritage. ?
• Line: The wire that is used to construct the protea giving it a strong linear  quality. ? The bent wire lines imitating the petals of a protea add an organic  effect. ? The outside of the protea uses a radiating diagonal line whereas the  inside uses lines that point inwards forming a circle of negative space in the  centre of the flower. ? The beaded lines create a feeling of intricate delicacy. ?
• Texture: The use of beading lends a tactile/actual texture. ? The variation of  petal size creates a bold, tactile texture that contrasts with the core of the  Protea which appears more flat and smooth. ?The ends of the white inner core  use either silver beads or LED lights adding tactile variation. ?
• Balance: The Protea uses a radial balance as the lines originate from the base  of the flower with the outside petals radiating outwards. ? The radial balance is  repeated in the core of the protea shown in an opposite direction. ? The hand  crafted product creates an asymmetrical balance as not all parts are equal. ?  

Credit any other valid statements. 
1.2.2 [Allocate 2 marks] 
Design should embrace technology in order to improve on existing innovative  solutions that improve quality of life solutions. ? Technology plays an enormous  part in our society and time. ? A good design is not only aesthetically pleasing but  is also functional through the use of technology. ? 
Credit any other valid statements.

QUESTION 2: COMMUNICATION THROUGH DESIGN [10 marks] 
2.1 

2.1.1 [Allocate 2 marks] 

• Design activism refers to the moral undertaking that uses design to comment on  rectifying societal wrongs. ? Design activism encourages social change through  designs that challenge established norms and standards. ? 

2.1.2 [Allocate 4 marks] 

• The jeans in the above postcard design can symbolise youth/life and longevity because jeans are mostly worn by youngsters. ? Jeans can also symbolise  durability because they are tough, lasting and are not easily worn out. ? Alternatively, jeans can also be a fashion item that can give cultural identity. ? The  heart is a symbol of life, because the heart pumps blood into one's veins. The  combination of the heart and jeans can symbolise good health because jeans are a  resilient piece of clothing therefore signifying a resilient heart. ? 

2.2 [Allocate 4 marks] 

• The character 'Elmo' (stuffed toy) ? symbolises childhood. ?
• The rifle? symbolises war. ? The rifle being bigger than the body of the child symbolises that children are not suitable for adult roles. ?
• The empty background ? symbolise a bleak or empty future and loneliness. ? The thin emaciated body ? of the boy symbolises a lack of adequate nutrition. ?
• The tattered clothing ? of the boy symbolises poverty and lack of adult attention. ?
• The sad pained expression ? on the boy's face symbolises sadness or  reluctance. ?

Credit any other valid statements. 

QUESTION 3  
Candidates answer EITHER QUESTION 3.1 OR QUESTION 3.2. 
3.1 [10 marks: a maximum of 2 marks per aspect] 

FIGURE E is influenced by the world of electronic games or music forms and  inspired by formal, rigid technological patterns while ? FIGURE F shows the  influence of traditional Indian patterns and culture. It is inspired by the Indian  
dance costumes and the surface patterns of these costumes. ? FIGURE E could  also be influenced by the Art Deco/Aztec use of geometric, faceted patterns? whereas FIGURE F, curvilinear patterns could be influenced by organic patterns  of nature. ? 
FIGURE E targets young, technologically inclined people who, for example, love to  play computer games, ? while FIGURE F is targeting people who love Indian  cuisine and exotic cultures.? 
Both designs are richly patterned.? FIGURE E has a rigid, block-like, machine  orientated pattern, whereas the pattern in FIGURE F is more fluent and flowing.? The pattern in FIGURE E creates a zigzag rhythm, whereas the pattern FIGURE F  creates a curvilinear, spiralling rhythm.?
FIGURE E uses bright, plastic, pop colours to create a happy fresh feeling, ? whilst FIGURE F is dominated by earthy, warm browns and greens to create a  richer surface. ? Both designs make use of strong contrasts which results in  dramatic posters. ? FIGURE E uses bright turquoise that contrasts sharply with  bright red while in FIGURE F, the lime green contrasts with red.? 
The focal point in FIGURE E is from the goggles to the top of the hat because the  area uses black and white which is not visible anywhere else.? The shape of the  hat is large and dominant.? In FIGURE F the focal point is the face of the deity  because it is the large and the only area that does not have pattern on. ? The face  is also painted in a bold, garish, neon lime green colour.? 
Credit any other valid statements. 
NOTE: A maximum of ONLY 3 marks may be allocated for tabular comparison  responses. Use the cognitive level grid as a guideline for your marking. 

OR 
3.2 [10 marks: a maximum of 2 marks per aspect] 

 
A main function of the Colosseum was to hold approximately 50,000 spectators  that was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles. It was also used for mock sea battles, animal hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and  dramas based on Classical mythology. ? The building ceased to be used for  entertainment in the early medieval era. It was later reused for such purposes as  housing, workshops, quarters for a religious order, a fortress, a quarry, and a  Christian shrine. ?
Although partially ruined, the Colosseum is still an iconic symbol of Imperial Rome. ? It is one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions ? 
The Nelson Mandela Stadium functions as a world-class football stadium almost as  large as the Colosseum that seats 46 000 spectators. Like the Colosseum it is a  multipurpose stadium. ? The stadium also boasts 49 hospitality suites, two  business lounges, a gymnasium, and lecture and function rooms. ? There are also  two conference rooms situated on the first level, which are able to accommodate  200 people. It was constructed to host 8 games during the 2010 FIFA World Cup  which was hosted by South Africa with Port Elizabeth being one of the host cities. ? This was the first time a world-class football stadium has been built in the  Eastern Cape province. ? 
Both stadiums are monumental, simple, striking structures conveying power. ? The exterior of the Colosseum is very classical in design. ?The surviving part of  the outer wall's monumental façade comprises three stories of superimposed arcades surmounted by a podium on which stands a tall attic, both of which are  pierced by windows interspersed at regular intervals. The arcades are framed by  half-columns of the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders, while the attic is decorated  with Corinthian pilasters. ?The outer façade of the Nelson Mandela Stadium by  contrast is very contemporary and hi-tech consisting of a unique roof-structure  made up of a series of white 'petals' making it look like a flower. ? This billowing  roof structure rests on a concrete structure which is geometric and Modernist. ? 
Like modern sports stadiums, the Colosseum gave spectators efficient protection  from the sun thanks to its innovative roof covering, the Velarium. ? The Velarium  was an enormous linen tarpaulin hung by a system of ropes, winches and wooden  poles that bound the top of the outer wall. ? It took one hundred sailors to move it.  The roof of the Nelson Mandela Soccer Stadium makes use of aluminium cladding  alternating with stretched membrane is also designed to protect its crowds from  sun and strong wind. ? 
The Colosseum's huge crowd capacity made it essential that the venue could be  filled or evacuated quickly. ? Its architects adopted solutions very similar to those  used by a modern stadium such as the Nelson Mandela stadium to deal with the  same problem. ? The Amphitheatre was ringed by eighty entrances at ground  level. Each entrance and exit was numbered, as was each staircase. The Nelson  Mandela Stadium makes use of 32 turnstiles and colour-coded gates on level 2 for  spectators to access their seats and four ramps leading up from level 2 to level 5.  ? Built of concrete and sand, the outer wall of the Colosseum was completely  covered in splendid travertine stone slabs set without mortar, and held together by  tons of irons clamps. ? These building materials reflect the strength and solidity of  the Roman Empire. ?
The roof material of the Nelson Mandela stadium consists of a combination of  aluminium cladding, combined with a membrane material called  polytetraflurethylene (PTFE), which is a coated glass-fibre fabric stretched over a  steel superstructure. ?These materials reflect the contemporary, technological age  that the stadium forms part of. ? 
The arena of the Colosseum had a wooden floor, whereas the arena of the Nelson  Mandela Stadium is made up of grass and a drainage system underneath this turf.  ?Underneath the arena of the Colosseum were various chambers for holding the  wild animals and the gladiators. ? 
The Colosseum dominates the city of Rome. ? It was placed both symbolically and  precisely at the heart of Rome. ? The Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium is also built in  the heart of the city of Port Elizabeth and also dominates its site. ? The Nelson  Mandela Bay Stadium is situated on the shores of the North End Lake and  overlooks this lake ensuring that it is even more eye-catching. ? 
The Colosseum's use of the different classical orders, Doric, Ionic and Corinthian  shows the influence of Greek architecture. ? The Nelson Mandela Stadium's use  of an oval arena could be influenced by the use of ellipses by Roman stadiums. Its  use of innovative, modern materials such steel, glass-fibre, aluminium shows the  influence of contemporary, hi-tech architecture. ? 
Credit any other valid statements. 
NOTE: A maximum of ONLY 3 marks may be allocated for tabular comparison  responses. Use the cognitive level grid as a guideline for your marking. 

TOTAL SECTION A: 30

SECTION B: DESIGN HISTORY [30 marks] 
QUESTION 4 
4.1 [Allocate 20 marks in total]  
[allocate 10 marks for each movement. Note that only 1 mark may be  allocated for the name of a designer and product for each movement. Use  the cognitive level grid as a guideline for your marking.] 
Art Deco (1920 – 1940), design is a shining example of society's response to the  political atrocities of World War I which delayed the further development of the  style. ? As a result of the turmoil and devastation created by WW1 and the  looming possibility of WWII it was definitely all about a hunger for life and a desire  for feeling good about self. ? Art Deco established itself with a sense of emotion,  enthusiasm, glitz and glamour and playfulness. ? The society was all about  prospering. Art Deco's clients during the 20's and 30's were wealthy, fashion  conscious art lovers. ? They enjoyed living in luxurious environments, eating out in  elegant restaurants and being admired for the couture clothes they wore. ? 
Art Deco was changed dramatically by WW2 as the style was seen to be 'too chic' and 'too cheeky' for wartime. ?  
Art Deco designers aimed to simplify form and to fit it to suit function. ? Design  motifs were reduced to their simplest forms but still maintained their refined  sophisticated appearance. ? 

The style was applied to all areas of design including architecture, interiors,  furniture, fashion, jewellery, painting, graphics, bookbinding, ceramics, costume,  glass, silver, metal ware, ceramics and highly ornate head dresses. ? 
It borrowed freely from many of the design styles of the past to fashion the future.  Some examples are the English Arts and Crafts Movement, the French Art  Nouveau and the German Bauhaus Modernists. ? Society's obsession with African  sculpture and American jazz encouraged an eclectic interest in international  cultures such as Egyptian, Aztec, Oriental art and the Russian ballet. ? The Art  Deco style is undoubtedly defined by the skyscraper, the zigzag and imagery  evoked by jazz. ?
Furniture was influenced by exotic Oriental veneers, ivory inlays and stylised floral  motifs. ? Jaques Ruhlmann's (1879 – 1933) three legged corner cabinet of  lacquered rosewood inlaid with ivory, ebony and rare woods was a revolution in the  style of the era. ? 
Architecture embraced a variety of shapes; from sleek, streamlined curves that  were highlighted by painted lines; verticals soaring upward as skyscrapers topped  by stepped pyramid shapes. ? 

The Orient Express Steam train was the ultimate expression of style and a  symbol of mystery and romance. ? The dining car was decorated by the avante  garde glassmaker Rene Lalique. Dining on exquisite French cuisine under the  watchful eyes of the 'three fates' (goddesses from antiquity) in streamlined form,  was very much in fashion. ? 
Another example that echoed societies need for travel and speed was the  Normandie steam liner launched in 1935. ? The public rooms were decorated in  the Baroque style reminiscent of Louis XIV and the court at Versailles. ? Two  hundred tables and chairs were set amid a shimmering glass ceiling designed by  Rene Lalique. ? Massive pendent ceiling lights were fitted at either end, the walls  were veneered in hammered glass and chrome panels that added to the sparkling  opulent atmosphere. ? Artificial light emanated from five tiered fountains placed in  the centre of its circular banquettes. ? 
In America, Art Deco also became highly associated with Hollywood. The  costumes, set designs, props for movies, posters, and other Hollywood designs  from the 1920s to the 1940s popularised the style but in the end, it was  Hollywood's 'Screen Deco' that was responsible for the expiration of the style. ?  
Like Art Deco, De Stijl, (which means simply 'the style' in Dutch), was also a  response to the politics of World War I. ? De Stijl art was conceived as a  universal visual language for the modern era and sought to create a Utopian  society to repair the destruction created by World War 1. ? The De Stijl society existed in a new age, an age where machines could streamline human processes  to create a new society with balance between individual and universal values. ?
De Stijl aimed to create an abstract style based on geometric forms and primary  and neutral colours. ? They focussed on designs where 'form followed function'. ? The movement was against the ornate qualities and envisioned a universal  language and a spiritualised world order for the modern society. ? 
The reduction of reality to geometric forms, straight lines, squares, and rectangles  and primary colours was characteristic of De Stijl art. This was used in a variety of  art and design fields for example; architecture, urban planning, industrial design,  typography, music, and poetry. ? 
A few important concepts influenced De Stijl; the first idea was Neo-Plasticism  which refers to the painting style and ideas developed by Piet Mondrian in 1917,  and incorporated by De Stijl. Mondrian described Neo-Plasticism as a reductive  approach to art making that stripped away traditional elements of art, such as  perspective and representation. ? 
The second concept was largely inspired by Schoenmaekers's treatise Beginselen  der Beeldende Wiskunde (The Principles of Plastic Mathematics), which proposed  that reality is composed of a series of opposing forces for example, chaos versus  order, male versus female, black versus white and horizontal versus vertical. ? 
The third concepts are Elementarism developed by Van Doesburg where not only  horizontal and vertical lines were to be used in Neo-Plasticism, but also diagonal  lines which created a movement. ? 
An example of a De Stijl work that reflects these characteristics is The Scroder  House by Gerrit Rietveld, Utrecht, 1924. ? The forms are reduced to simple  geometric, flattened forms conveying simplicity and order. ? The colours are  reduced to the neutrals, grey, black and white and the textures are smooth. ? These colours and textures also contribute to the overall sense of calmness,  balance and control. ? 
Credit any other valid statements

4.2 (Allocate 10 marks) 
 
During the 17th century Baroque era, architect Gian Lorenzo Bernini was  commissioned to create a chapel for the Cornaro family. The composition of the  interior of the chapel in FIGURE I reflects a typical dramatic, Baroque stage  design. ? This is in contrast to the Scandinavian interior design visible in FIGURE  J above that focusses on calmness, purity, simplicity and functionality. 
Modernist Scandinavian designer Alvar Aalto (1930s – 1970s) saw furniture  designs as a natural extension of architectural thinking. His design represents a  philosophy that's characterised by functionality, simplicity, clean lines and  affordability and this is visible in FIGURE J. ? By contrast to Scandinavian  design, when one enters the Baroque Cornaro chapel in FIGURE I the viewer is  surrounded by sensual design and illusionary effects. ? 
Bernini's careful blending of painting, sculpture, and architecture provides a  powerful, spiritual experience for the viewer. ? This is the key characteristic of  Baroque interior architecture and the primary artistic goal of the Counter Reformation. One of Bernini's best known sculptures: The Ecstasy of St. Teresa depicts one of the visions of Saint Teresa of Avila. The dramatic Baroque light of  this interior is further heightened by the wooden, golden rays of light that radiate  from above the pediment, directing the eye towards this sculpture.? Similarly, to  the Baroque era the Scandinavian interior designers also consider light to be  extremely important. ? In FIGURE J light is not used to create a heightened  sense of drama as in the Baroque era (FIGURE I), but is used to create an  ambient/soft light using floor, wall or table lamps. ? 
The Baroque chapel is filled with a natural light that enters through a concealed  window above and behind the sculpture, creating a theatrical atmosphere within a  confined space. ? The Scandinavian interior also uses natural light but it is  filtered and not so dramatic. ? 
The Baroque Cornaro chapel creates an immediate impression of a small, shallow  space. ? To maximise the space, Bernini has used ingenious architectural  elements; ornate polychromatic, marble columns are accentuated by the broken  triangular pediment, with curved edges that push outward, framing the main altar. ? Scandinavian interiors are open plan and left simple and uncluttered. ?
In contrast to Baroques' use of polychromatic marble, ? Scandinavian interior  surfaces are characteristically made from woods which were often used on walls,  ceilings, cabinetry, and furniture. ? The characteristic earthy muted colours were  often combined with white walls and cool blue and grey textiles. In some homes,  brighter accents of yellow, orange and turquoise are found, for example with the  use of Marimekko fabrics and rugs. ? 
Typical of Baroque design is the use of painted stucco figures and clouds on the  walls above the pediment in FIGURE I which enhances the height of the ceiling. ? This illusionary technique is characteristic of Baroque interior design and is used  to expand the size of the room as well as create a sense of grandiosity. ? In  contrast the Scandinavian design in FIGURE J minimises surface decoration and  accessories and scales back to create less clutter and fewer visual distractions, promoting the design philosophy 'less is more.' ? 
The main purpose of Scandinavian design is to improve daily life. In  Scandinavian interiors, there was always a strong relationship between design  elements and nature. ? In contrast the main aim of Baroque design was to  impress and convey the grandiosity of the Catholic church. ? 
Credit any other valid statements. 
NOTE: A maximum of ONLY 3 marks may be allocated for tabular comparison  responses. Use the cognitive level grid as a guideline for your marking. 

TOTAL SECTION B: 30

SECTION C: DESIGN IN SOCIO-CULTURAL/ENVIRONMENTAL AND  SUSTAINABLE CONTEXT 
QUESTION 5 [20 marks] 
Answer EITHER QUESTION 5.1 OR QUESTION 5.2 
5.1  
5.1.1 [Allocate 6 marks] 
The mural is painted on a derelict building, brightening and beautifying the drab  and broken-down area. The collaborative mural project clearly had as aim the  upliftment of an impoverished community and can therefore be called 'socio cultural design'. ? It brings art and design into communities that do not normally  have access to it. ? The use of members of the community as partners in the  creation of this mural is an acknowledgement of their value and ? supplies an  outlet for creative expression. ? This is opportunity instils pride and a sense of  identity. ? The message of the image 'Discover the diamond inside you' is very  positive and also aims to instil a sense of pride and self-value for the people living  in the area. ? 
Credit any other valid statements. 
5.1.2 [Allocate 14 marks in total] 
[Allocate 7 marks per case study - 1 mark for designer and design product]

A local socially responsible design group is Metropolitanrepublic. Their product is  The Wimpy Braille Burger. ? 
Metropolitanrepublic aim is to do things differently. ? They look at what the  business challenge is and come up with business problem solving ideas. ? Their  main purpose is to imbue cultural relevance on brands, their products, and their  services. They ensure that their designs are culturally relevant and therefore root their ideas in the context in which their audience lives – resulting in advertising that their clients can relate to. ? 
Metropolitanrepublic currently has operations in five countries on the continent  (incl. SA). ? They think of their employees as citizens of Metropolitanrepublic. ? Unlike agencies that follow a more traditional model, they believe they are in a  post-digital era and that all mediums, old and new, have a role to play and are  relevant. ?
Metropolitanrepublic started out as an ad agency, a little over three years ago.  They don't think of themselves as an ad agency. They create all kind of things,  some of which are ads. ? 
An analysis of one work explaining how this work addresses social concerns: Metropolitanrepublic created a campaign to include visually impaired in designing  braille menus for Wimpy. ? With the help of skilled chefs, sesame seeds were  placed on 15 burger buns which in braille described the burger and informed  individuals about the availability of the braille menus. ? The braille burgers were  delivered to the three biggest blind institutions in South Africa and had an  overwhelming emotional impact on the staff at these organisations. ? These  descriptions gave these people the ability to 'see' their food before they ate it.  ? The look of joy on their faces as they read the message was a clear indication  that a little extra attention goes a long way. They couldn't believe that in a world  that mostly accommodated sighted people, a restaurant chain would go the extra  mile just to make them feel welcome. ? The message was passed on to over  800,000 visually impaired South Africans and the campaign won several awards  including a Gold Clio, Gold and Silver Cannes, One Show Gold and a Gold Loerie. ? 
The unbelievable word of mouth that was generated from such a small group of  people is what makes this advertisement so amazing. Wimpy does an excellent  job of reaching a niche market and letting them know that they are appreciated.  ? They were able to take advantage of needs that were not currently being met  within the sight impaired community and are reaping some serious benefits. ? 
CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL: 'Luz nas Vielas,' by Boa Mistura street art  collective.  
The multidisciplinary art collective Boa Mistura aim to create large scale murals in  public spaces with the intention of uplifting and inspiring communities. ? From  their studio in Madrid, their projects have taken them as far as South Africa, US,  UK, Brazil, Mexico and Algeria.. The main motivation for starting the group was to  have fun together, which is reflected in the vibrancy and colour in their work.? Boa Mistura focus largely on graffiti and community building with a mission of  giving the world its colour back. ? 
The colours that they use are bright and pure. ?The name of the urban art group,  which means 'good mixture' in Portuguese, refers to the diversity of perspectives  and talents of each of the members which is applied to their work. ? Amongst the  team there are architects, engineers, fine artists, graphic designers and  advertising specialists. ? Before they embark on a new street art project, Boa  Mistura seek the guidance from the most import aspect of a community — the  people within it. 'We like to feel the place, talk with the local people, breath the  atmosphere and be inspired before start working' Purone said. ? 
One work 'Luz nas Vielas,' is in the Sao Paulo favela (shanty town) of  Brasilandia. The walls of the town were painted with bright colours, and use a  clever visual trick — painted words are used that appear to float when viewed  from, a certain angle. ? With words expressing positive emotions like 'Amor' (love) and 'Firmeza' (stability), the project is right in line with the group's mission of  uplifting the community. ?
Credit any other valid statements. 

5.2 [20 marks in total] 
5.2.1 [Allocate 4 marks] 
Yes, I agree with the statement as this laundry basket design is adapted from the  isiZulu grain basket, called Isichumo. ? The traditional grain basket is woven with  alternating tight and open weave that allows air to circulate so that the grain won't  mould, but keeps insects out. ? The same weaving technique is used in this  laundry basket as air would circulate to keep it dry. ? The traditional shape of the  grain basket has been adapted from a bell shape to an elongated round shape to  accommodate laundry. ? This shows how traditional crafts have been adapted  for contemporary use, which also makes it relevant in a contemporary world. ? 
No, I do not agree with the statement as this causes a loss of traditional items that  could communicate negative ideas about a specific community. ? People will  forget the original aesthetics, use of natural materials and the original purpose of  the isiZulu grain basket. ? This threatens the traditional cultural purposes, identity  and preservation of the African continents' rich and diverse history. ? It stays our  responsibility to nurture and preserve our indigenous crafts in their original  context, purpose, form and aesthetics. ? 
5.2.2 [Allocate 6 marks] 
Title: ISIZULU INDIGENOUS CRAFT by the Zulu community of South Africa,  KZN. The Isichumo-water basket (water tight) ? 
This basket, woven by the isiZulu, is a rigid, bottle-shaped basket ? used for  carrying and storing liquids (usually water), it has a lid, which fits over the neck  like a cap. ? These water baskets are one of the more difficult designs to create,  because of the narrow neck and the very tight weaving technique which makes it  waterproof. ? Typically, two sizes of this style of basket were created.  The baskets are woven with the IIala Palm fronds. ? The early utilitarian baskets  were plain in colour. ? A large basket that would be kept in a hut and hold about  30–40 litres of water (typically about two days' worth for a family and its animals).  ? A smaller basket (holding about 5–15 litres) that would be used to transport (on  top of the women's heads and for up to 8km each way) water from its source to  the larger container. ?
5.2.3 [Allocate 10 marks: allocate 1 mark only for the name of the designer and  the name of the product]  

Shopping Bag by Binky Newman of Design Afrika. ? 
Binky Newman and her team who are highly skilled artisans, founded Design  Afrika. Design Afrika combines relevant traditional African and contemporary craft  techniques. They aim to nurture the creative and entrepreneurial resourcefulness  of rural communities. ? Inspiration for new designs are found by travelling to  remote areas across the continent in the hope of finding a basket woven in a style  that was previously thought to be extinct. ? 
Binky Newman spends a great deal of time in remote villages around Africa,  working with marginalised women who have an ancient heritage of weaving  baskets. ? For the 2015 collection Binky focuses on the use of geometric  patterns, ? hand woven? and organic or manmade materials. ? The shopping bag designed by Design Afrika uses materials like raffia and grass which is not  that unusual as it has been used traditionally all over Africa in a variety of forms.  ? The shopping bag is a transformed version of the traditional grain baskets. ?  Binky has transformed the traditional shape to a more contemporary form. ? By  using the traditional African weaving techniques and stitches, Design Afrika  successfully created a variety of objects. ?  
With this collection, Design Africa has aimed to create a unique and fresh  collection. Furthermore, they have blurred the boundaries between; functional and  sculptural, ? design and craft ? and high and low craft. ? 
Credit any other valid statements.  
No marks should be given for repetition of designer/s and their work used in  this paper.

QUESTION 6 [20 marks] 
6.1 [Allocate 3 marks] 
The term biodegradable in FIGURE M refers to the cardboard frame's capacity to  break down or decompose back into natural materials within the natural garden environment ? without leaving any toxins or harmful substances behind. ? In this  way the cardboard frame is environmentally beneficial because it breaks down  quickly and saves landfill space without harming the environment. ? 
Credit any other valid statements 
6.2 [Allocate 3 marks] 
The economic importance of sustainable design is that it eliminates a negative  environmental impact by encouraging recycling through the collection of suitable  materials for recycling into design products. ? This practice generates a greater  reliance on natural materials that are compatible with the environment. In this regard, designers generate an income from discarded materials left on the  landfills. ? At a social level the benefits of sustainable design include knowledge  transfer, improved environmental quality and neighbourhood restoration. ? 
Credit any other valid statements. 
6.3 [Allocate 14 marks] 
 [Allocate 7 marks per case study – 1 mark for designer and design product]
EXAMPLE OF A SOUTH AFRICAN DESIGNER:
   

• Name of the designer/design agency or studio and a title of one major project  undertaken by the designer. [Allocate 1 mark]
  PPC Cement laptop bags by Wren Designs. ?
• Brief description and analysis of at least one major project/system  undertaken by the design studio. 
  The PPC Cement laptop bags are made from Pretoria Portland Cement paper bag.  ? The layers of the empty PPC paper bag are separated; the top layer is removed  and fused with the third layer. These two layers are then bonded together with black  cotton to enhance the durability of the bags. ? The paper of the bag is also treated  with fusion and coating technologies (nanotechnology liquid glass) to increase the  strength of the material. ? The pattern is then drawn, cut and stitched together after  the paper has been treated. The bag has two sections and two pockets: one to  carry your laptop cables and an iPhone or mouse in the other. A padded divider  separates your laptop from any other papers or notes, and the entire inside of the  bag is also padded to protect everything that you carry inside it. ? The bags are  water resistant, 840g and 39 x 6 x 26.5 cm. The bag closes securely because of the  two magnets hidden in the flap, however the strength of these magnets is not strong  enough to damage electronic devices. ?
• The aims and inspirations with reference to the materials
  The origami inspired laptop bag, repurposes empty cement bags, lessening the  amount of waste on landfills. ? In this way, minimising the negative environmental  impact (carbon footprint). ? 

EXAMPLE OF AN INTERNATIONAL DESIGNER 

Name of the designer/design agency or studio and a title of one major  project undertaken by the designer [Allocate 1 mark] 
Tripty backpack by the Tripty Project. ? 

• Brief description and analysis of at least one major project/system  undertaken by the design studio
  The Tripty backpack is part of The Tripty Project clothing range designed from  waste agricultural by-products from pineapples, additionally reclaimed materials  from organic small-batch cotton to agricultural material. The Tripty backpack is  made from shredded pineapple waste, ? naturally dyed using indigo and natural  bark dyes. ? The backpacks come in two colours, a vibrant blue and a pink, both  with off-white accents with a canvas-like texture. ? The backpack is both a stylish  item and functional product. ? The backpack opens and closes through a front  opening. ?
• The aims and inspirations with reference to the materials
  The Tripty project creates accessories and clothing from reclaimed materials based  on an ethical supply chain that is both environmentally and economically  sustainable. ? Through their use of renewable resources, they minimise a negative  environmental impact by reducing the amount of waste on the landfills. ? 

Credit any other valid statements.  

TOTAL SECTION C: 40 
GRAND TOTAL: 100

ECONOMICS
PAPER 2
GRADE 12 
NSC PAST PAPERS AND MEMOS
FEBRUARY/MARCH 2018

MEMORANDUM 

SECTION A (COMPULSORY) 
QUESTION 1  
1.1 MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS  
1.1.1 B the Johannesburg Securities Exchange ✔ ✔ 
1.1.2 C zero ✔ ✔ 
1.1.3 A/C differentiated/unique ✔ ✔ 
1.1.4 D decreases ✔ ✔ 
1.1.5 A/C stagflation/hyperinflation ✔ ✔ 
1.1.6 C day ✔ ✔ 
1.1.7 D objective ✔ ✔ 
1.1.8 B labour ✔ ✔  (8 x 2) (16) 

1.2 MATCHING ITEMS  
1.2.1 D – Total revenue is equal to total cost ✔ 
1.2.2 F – Large number of buyers and sellers ✔ 
1.2.3 H – An example of tacit collusion in an oligopoly market with regard  to pricing ✔ 
1.2.4 E – Creates an excess supply of labour ✔ 
1.2.5 I – Visiting museums and art galleries ✔ 
1.2.6 C – Make decisions on repo (repurchase) rate ✔ 
1.2.7 G – Manage the environment in such a way that it remains intact ✔    
1.2.8 A – Controlled by the government ✔  (8 x 1) (8) 

1.3 GIVE ONE TERM  
1.3.1 Subsidy ✔ 
1.3.2 Shut down point ✔ 
1.3.3 Duopoly ✔ 
1.3.4 Core inflation ✔ 
1.3.5 Non-renewable✔ 
1.3.6 Infrastructure ✔ (6 x 1) (6)

TOTAL SECTION A: 30

SECTION B 
Answer TWO of the three questions in this section in the ANSWER BOOK.
QUESTION 2: MICROECONOMICS  
2.1 Answer the following questions. 
2.1.1 Give any TWO examples of variable costs.  

• Raw materials ✔ 
• Electricity / Water ✔ 

(Accept any other correct relevant responses) (2 x 1) (2) 
2.1.2 Why is it difficult for new firms to enter an oligopoly market?   

• High start-up capital required/existing firms may use aggressive  marketing which is expensive
• Difficult to compete with established existing brands due to high  advertising costs ✔ ✔ 

(Accept any other correct relevant response) (1 x 2) (2)
2.2 DATA RESPONSE 
2.2.1 What market structure is depicted above? 

• Perfect competition ✔  (1) 

2.2.2 What is the market price at which the business will sell his/her  product? 

• R50 ✔  (1)   

2.2.3 Briefly describe the term opportunity cost? 

• The value of next best alternative that is given up ✔ ✔ (2) 

(Accept any other correct relevant response) 
2.2.4 Why is it not possible for a single business to adjust its selling  price? 

• There are many sellers in the market and a single business is  very small to influence the market price ✔ ✔   
• They are price takers, if they increase prices they won’t sell  anything / If they decrease prices they will make a loss ✔ ✔   

 (Accept any other correct relevant response) (2)
2.2.5 Explain the effect on the market in the long run, if the  businesses in a perfect market made an economic profit. 

• This will attract new entrants into the market which will result in  the market supply curve shifting to the right ✔ ✔   
• Market equilibrium price will fall which will reduce profits ✔ ✔ 
• Normal profit will be achieved in the long run✔ ✔ 

 (Accept any other correct relevant response) (2 x 2) (4)
2.3 DATA RESPONSE 
2.3.1 Identify the type of a monopoly depicted in the cartoon.  

• Artificial ✔  (1)   

2.3.2 How many firms usually dominate this type of market?  

• One ✔  (1)

2.3.3 Describe the nature of the product produced by a monopoly. 

• The product is unique. There is no close substitute for the  product ✔ ✔ 

(Accept any other correct relevant response) (2)
2.3.4 How are natural monopolies created? 
Natural monopolies are created by: 

• associating with high development or input cost ✔ ✔ 
• being owned or regulated by the government ✔ ✔ 

 (Accept any other correct relevant response) (2) 
2.3.5 Why will this monopolist always make economic profit in the  long run? 
The monopolist will always make economic profit in the long run because: 

• entry of other firms into the market is limited due the barriers of  entry. Entry is blocked ✔ ✔ 
• this monopolist has a patent which give him exclusive to  manufacture a product ✔ ✔ 
• monopolies normally produce less than the market demand in  order to sell their products at higher price ✔ ✔ 
• if the monopolist makes a loss in the short run he can always  adjust prices so that he makes an economics profit in the long  run ✔ ✔ 

 (Accept any other correct relevant response) (2 x 2) (4)
2.4 Explain the aims of South Africa's anti-monopoly policy. 

• To promote economic transformation of the economy by making sure that  there is no restriction on entry in any industry ✔ ✔ 
• To curb the economic power of big businesses in South Africa in order to  achieve a more equitable distribution of income and wealth ✔ ✔ 
• To help South African businesses to become more competitive / lower  prices ✔ ✔ 
• To ensure that South African competition law is in line with international  standards ✔ ✔ 
• To prevent monopolies and other powerful businesses from abusing their  power. ✔ ✔ 
• To regulate the formation of mergers and acquisitions who wish to exercise  market power. ✔ ✔ 
• To stop firms from using restrictive practices like fixing prices, dividing  markets ✔ ✔   
• Regulates transfer of ownership in keeping with public interest ✔ ✔   
• All South Africans gets equal opportunity to participate fairly in net economy ✔ ✔ 
• Provides markets in which consumers have access to freely select quantity and  variety ✔ ✔ 
• Provides environment to compete effectively in internal markets ✔ ✔   

 (Accept any other correct relevant response) 
(A maximum of 4 marks may be allocated for the mere listing of  facts/examples) (4 x 2) (8)
2.5 Why do oligopolies often collude although it is illegal in South Africa? 
Collusion between oligopolies occur because: 

• it is an effort to reduce uncertainty ✔ ✔ 
• they can enjoy the advantage of higher profit and limit other businesses to  enter the market (to control the market / to form a collective monopoly) ✔ ✔ 
• the cost of doing business in an oligopoly market is very high, that is why  these firms use non-price competition such as advertising, and this can  cost a very large amount of money ✔ ✔ 
• firms are mutually interdependent and large amounts of money is often  required to monitor one another's actions ✔ ✔ 
• it increases the firms' total cost of doing business ✔ ✔ 
• this often makes firms to engage in cooperation with one another instead  of competing even though it is illegal in South Africa ✔ ✔   (8) 

(A maximum of 2 marks may be allocated for mere listing of facts/ examples) [40]
(Accept any other correct relevant response) 

QUESTION 3: CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC ISSUES  
3.1 Answer the following questions. 
3.1.1 State any TWO measures used by government to ensure  environmental sustainability 

• Environmental taxes / Green taxes ✔ 
• Environmental subsidies ✔ 
• Issuing environmental permits ✔ 
• Command and control ✔ 
• Voluntary agreements ✔ 
• Education ✔ 
• Granting property rights ✔ 
• Charging for the use of the environment ✔ ✔ ✔  (2 x 1) 

(Accept any other relevant response) (2) 
3.1.2 What do monetarists believe to be the main reason for  inflation? 

• The increase in the country's total money supply which results in an  increase in demand for goods and services ✔ ✔   

(Accept any other correct relevant response) (1 x 2) (2)
3.2 DATA RESPONSE 
3.2.1 Identify ONE cause of demand pull inflation in the information  above. 

• Fewer savings ✔ 
• Easy access to credit ✔  (1) 

3.2.2 Identify ONE cause of cost push inflation in the information  above. 

• Natural disasters ✔
• Higher wages ✔  (1)

3.2.3 Briefly describe the term inflation. 

• Inflation is a sustained and significant increase in the general price level ✔ ✔ 

(Accept any other correct relevant response) (2) 
3.2.4 What is the main instrument used by the South African reserve  bank to control inflation. 

• Repo rate / Interest rates ✔ ✔  (2)

3.2.5 Why is the SARB concerned about the impact of inflation on the  Balance of Payments? 
The impact of inflation on the BoP concerns SARB because: 

• trade between countries will be affected negatively ✔ ✔ 
• it would be difficult to export goods as it would be more  expensive ✔ ✔ 
• exports will decrease which will create a deficit on the BOP ✔ ✔ 
• this would mean borrowing money which creates a further burden especially to the tax payer ✔ ✔ 
• The inflation impacts exchange rate stability, that might cause  foreign investors to withdraw their investments ✔ ✔ Any (2 x 2) 

(Accept any other correct relevant response) (4)
3.3 DATA RESPONSE 
3.3.1 Identify the most polluted urban area in South Africa in the  information above. Hartebeespoort ✔ (1) 
3.3.2 Which organisation, in the information above, links health risks  to air pollution? 

• World Health Organisation (1)

3.3.3 Briefly describe the term air pollution. (2) 

• The release of poisonous gases into the atmosphere ✔ ✔ 

(Accept any other correct relevant response) 
3.3.4 Why is pollution resulting from production such a serious  problem? 

• Pollution resulting from production affects the whole environment – the land, sea and atmosphere, and includes acid rain, smoke,  gases, toxic chemicals, pesticide contaminants, causes diseases,  (health risks) cause global warming and damage to the ozone layer ✔ ✔ 

(Accept any other correct relevant response) (2)   
3.3.5 Why are the major cities in South Africa the most polluted? 

• High traffic congestion which results in high carbon  emissions ✔ ✔ 
• There are a number of factories which contribute to the release of  poisonous gases into the atmosphere ✔ ✔ 
• These cities are more industrialised as such production in the  factories can result in emission of greenhouse gases ✔ ✔ 

(Accept any other correct relevant response) (Any 2 x 2) (4)
3.4 Briefly describe the negative effects of tourism on the environment. 

• The construction of tourist facilities such as resorts often results in  destruction of natural environment (fauna and flora) ✔ ✔ 
• Tourists are often willing to pay higher prices for goods and services,  therefore this affect the cost of living of local residents near tour  attractions ✔ ✔ 
• On natural areas such as mountains, tourists who engage in activities  such as expeditions often throw their wastes such as camping equipment  on the land ✔ ✔ 
• A large number of tourists may add pressure on a country's  infrastructure ✔ ✔   
• Spoiling the views and landscape by providing tourism infrastructure ✔ ✔ 
• Noise, air and water pollution through tourist activities ✔ ✔ 
• Development of tourist facilities on scarce land ✔ ✔ 
• Effects on population dynamics such as migration and increased urban  densities accompanied by declining population in other rural areas ✔ ✔  (8) 

 (Accept any other correct relevant response) (4 x 2) 
(A maximum of 4 marks may be allocated for the mere listing of facts /  examples)  
3.5 How does the government contribute to higher inflation? 
The government contributes to higher inflation by: 

• increasing government spending without an increasing the aggregate  supply and causes prices to rise ✔ ✔ 
• spending on capital projects e.g. roads, housing etc. that are more than the  economy's capacity, will cause prices to rise✔ ✔ 
• increasing spending on consumption such as education, health and  safety ✔ ✔ 
• spending large amounts in the social sector because they feel the need to  reduce unemployment and poverty ✔ ✔ 
• borrowing money to raise the levels of social grants at a higher rate than  the inflation rate ✔ ✔ 
• decreasing personal income tax creates greater consumer demand ✔ ✔ 
• decreasing company tax / import duties will lead to increased production  and imports ✔ ✔ 

 (Accept any other correct relevant response) 
 (A maximum of 2 marks may be allocated for the mere listing of  facts/examples) (8)  [40]

QUESTION 4: MICROECONOMICS AND CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC ISSUES
4.1 Answer the following questions. 
4.1.1 Give any TWO reasons why governments levy tax on tourism. 

• To recover external costs ✔ 
• To increase revenue ✔   
•  To maintain infrastructure ✔ 

(Accept any other correct relevant response) (2 x 1) (2) 
4.1.2 Why does the government sometimes set minimum prices  (price floors) for certain products? . 

• To enable producer to make a profit and to encourage them to  supply important essential goods   

(Accept any other correct relevant response) (1 x 2) (2)
4.2 DATA RESPONSE 
4.2.1 Identify ONE example of a monopolistic competitor from the  above information. 

• Pizza hut ✔ 
• McDonalds ✔ 
• Burger King✔ 
• KFC ✔ 
• Jollibee ✔ 
• Chowking ✔  (1) 

4.2.2 Which word in the information above suggests that a  monopolistic competitor is a combination of two market  structures? 

• Hybrid ✔  (1)

4.2.3 Briefly describe the term normal profit. 

• It is a profit that is sufficient to ensure the entrepreneur continues  production/minimum earnings required to prevent the entrepreneur  from leaving and using his/her production factors elsewhere ✔ ✔ 

(Accept any other correct relevant response) (2) 
4.2.4 Why is the demand curve of a monopolistic competitor more  elastic than that of a monopoly? 

• The products of a monopolistic competitor are good substitutes✔  unlike a monopolist where the there are no close substitutes ✔ 

(Accept any other correct relevant response) (2)
4.2.5 How does branding play a key role in a monopolistic  competitive market structure? 
Branding plays a key role in monopolistic competitive markets by: 

• each business selling a slightly differentiated product. ✔ ✔ 
• it is based on the opinion of consumers ✔ ✔ 
• building customer loyalty where a consumer will choose one  producer over another ✔ ✔  e.g. Checkers no-name brand ✔ (2 x 2) 

(Accept any other correct relevant response) (4) 
4.3 DATA RESPONSE 
4.3.1 Give the name of ONE city in the extract where climate change  conferences were held.  

• Kyoto ✔ 
• Berlin ✔ 
• Durban ✔  (1) 

4.3.2 Identify the international organisation in the extract above that  initiates climate change conferences. 

• United nations / UN ✔  (1)

4.3.3 Describe how greenhouse gases contribute to global warming. 

• Forms a blanket that traps the heat within the earth's atmosphere / A stronger greenhouse effect will warm oceans and partially  melt glaciers and other ice, increasing sea level ✔ ✔  (2)

(Accept any other correct relevant response) 
4.3.4 How can a green fund help to reduce global warming? 

• It can enable the establishment and use of renewable (clean/eco friendly) energy ✔✔

(Accept any other correct relevant response) (2) 
4.3.5 Why is global warming increasing despite the many  international conferences on climate change? 
Global warming is increasing due to: 

• Governments, as parties to international agreements, being unable or less interested in implementing the agreements ✔✔
• rising conflict between the goal of reversing global warming and  that of increasing economic development ✔✔
• industries who are more interested in increase in profits, which is  possible only when increase in production takes place ✔✔
• increased production accompanied by emission of greenhouse  gases, which leads to global warming ✔✔

(Accept any other correct relevant answers) Any (2 x 2) (4)
4.4 Describe the fiscal measures that can be used to combat demand-pull  inflation. 

• An increase in direct taxes e.g. PAYE to reduce excessive demand in the  economy ✔✔
• An increase in indirect taxes e.g. VAT will reduce the demand for many  goods ✔✔
• A loan levy can be introduced to discourage borrowing✔✔
• Reducing government spending by postponing certain projects ✔✔
• Imposing a surcharge on imported goods to reduce the demand ✔✔
• Financing the budget deficit from the non-banking sector instead of the  banking sector where borrowing rates are higher ✔✔

(Accept any other correct relevant response) (4 x 2) (8) 
(A maximum of 4 marks may be allocated for the mere listing of facts/ examples) 
(Monetary measures must not be accepted or allocated any marks)  
4.5 Draw a well-labelled graph to illustrate economic profit in a monopoly market. 

Total: 8 marks 
NOTE: If candidates drew the long term economic profit, allocate marks. (8)

[40] 
TOTAL SECTION B: 80 

SECTION C 
Answer any ONE of the two questions in this section in the ANSWER BOOK.
QUESTION 5: MICROECONOMICS  

• Discuss the following causes of market failure without using any graphs:
  • Externalities (13) 
  • Missing markets (13) (26 marks)
• With the aid of a graph explain the effect of a negative externality on  production levels. (10 marks) [40]   

INTRODUCTION 
Market failure means that the best available resources or optimal production outcome  has not been achieved ✔✔
(Accept any other correct relevant response) (Max 2)

MAIN PART 
EXTERNALITIES 

• Sometimes ideal market conditions prevail and the mechanisms of the market work  perfectly, however, the market does not produce optimally ✔✔
• With negative externalities, goods are over-produced (because the cost of  production is not included in the market price) and with positive externalities goods  are under-produced (because the benefit is not included in the market price) ✔✔
• Both result in a misallocation of resources ✔✔
• Side effects of production and consumption activities that impact on people who are  not involved in the activity ✔✔
• In certain instances, people gain while other people losses out. This is because  externalities prevail ✔✔
• Externalities are the cost and benefits (spill-over effects or third party effects) that  convert private cost and benefits into social cost and benefits ✔✔  

NOTE: THE CANDIDATE SHOULD ADDRESS THE ABOVE ISSUES TO EARN  FULL MARKS 
Private cost ✔

• Internal costs are also known as private costs ✔✔
• They are the usual costs that consumers incur when they buy goods and  services ✔✔ E.g. a family buys a car ✔

Private benefits (internal benefits) ✔

•  These benefits accrue to those who buy the goods and those who produce the  goods ✔✔
• E.g. the family enjoy using the car and the producer sells it (profit) ✔

Social costs ✔

• This is the costs of goods or services to those who create them and to society at  large ✔✔
• E.g. pollution caused by waste products, such as tyres, batteries, oil ✔
• No value is given for these extra or external costs because no market exists to  price them ✔✔
• Private costs plus external costs is equal social cost ✔✔

Social benefits ✔

• Sometimes externalities are positive, e.g. municipalities provide clean water, for  which consumers pay ✔✔
• Consumers pay for a private benefit, however, society at large has the benefit of  fewer illnesses from contaminated water ✔✔
• A healthier workforce can work more productively and is often absent from work  less ✔✔
• These are external benefits ✔✔
• Private benefits plus external benefits are equal to social benefits ✔✔ (13)

PUBLIC GOODS / MISSING MARKETS 

• A significant market failure is the failure to produce some goods and services  despite it being needed ✔✔
• It relates to public goods rather than private goods ✔✔
• Markets can only perform under certain conditions and when these conditions are  absent, markets may struggle to exist ✔✔

Community goods ✔

• These are goods such as defence, police services, prison services, street lighting  etc. ✔
• Free for everyone to use and often exploited and wasted by certain users to the  detriment of other users ✔✔

Collective goods✔

• These are goods such as parks, beach facilities, streets, pavements, roads, bridges ✔
• They are privately owned and can be consumed by many people without causing a  decrease in quantity ✔✔
• Goods that are specially characterised when it is possible to exclude free-riders by  levying fees and tolls ✔✔

Public goods ✔

• Community and public goods are known as public goods ✔✔ They have two  features:
• Non-rivalry ✔ the consumption by one person does not in any way reduce the  consumption by another person ✔✔
• E.g. a lighthouse or street light ✔
• Non-excludability ✔ the consumption of a good cannot be confined to those who  have paid for it, so there are free-riders ✔✔
• People enjoy the product without paying for, e.g. radio and television services ✔✔
• Public goods are in high demand but are not supplied by the market because of the  low profit gained from them and the high cost of capital needed to supply them ✔✔
• Public goods are not provided by the price mechanism because producers cannot  withhold the goods for non-payment and there is no way of measuring how much a  person consumes, there is no basis for establishing a market price✔✔

Merit goods ✔

• Highly desirable for general welfare, but not highly rated by the market ✔✔
• E.g. health care, education and safety ✔
• If people had to pay the market price for them, very little would be consumed ✔✔
• The market fails because the market produces less than the desired quantity ✔✔

Demerit goods✔

• These are over-consumed goods e.g. cigarettes✔✔
• Thus more of the good is produced than is socially desirable ✔✔
• The government bans or reduces consumption of these products through taxation,  and provides information to the population on their harmful effects ✔✔ (13)
  (A maximum of 8 marks can be allocated for mere listing of facts/examples)
  (Accept any other correct relevant response) (Max 26) 

ADDITIONAL PART 
NEGATIVE EXTERNALITY 

• At point a, the price charged for the good is P and Q is the quantity sold ✔✔
• This represents private costs ✔✔
• However, if it was possible to calculate the external costs, these could have been  added to the private costs ✔✔
• If consumers were required to pay the full cost (social cost), a different equilibrium  would prevail at b, giving a higher price of P1 and a reduced output of Q1 ✔✔
  (Accept any other correct relevant response) (Max 6) 

CONCLUSION 
Market failure can have devastating effect unless government intervenes to reduce  them ✔✔
(Max 2) (Accept any other correct relevant higher order response) [40] 

QUESTION 6: CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC ISSUES  
Discuss the benefits of tourism for: 

• Business (10) 
• Infrastructure development (8)
• Households (8) (26 marks)

How can tourism attractions in less popular destinations be successfully marketed? (10 marks) [40]  

INTRODUCTION 
Tourism is the activities of people travelling to and staying in places outside their usual  environment for no more than one consecutive year for leisure, business or other  purposes ✔✔
(Max 2)  (Accept any other correct relevant response) 

MAIN PART 
Business sector 

• Tourism stimulates business in areas such as accommodation and  entertainment ✔✔
• The construction industry, in private-public partnership with the government to  provide the infrastructure, manufacturing sector and recreation sector all benefits  from increased demand due to tourism ✔✔
• The previously disadvantaged communities get entrepreneurial opportunities  through the black economic empowerment schemes ✔✔
• A large number of people get business opportunities in the informal sector ✔✔ e.g.  selling of artefacts ✔ 
• Local retailers may have an increase in sales (and profits) because of increased  demand from tourists ✔✔
• Private businesses and government work in partnership to provide the  infrastructure needed for tourism ✔✔
• This increases the market share of and income of the these businesses ✔✔
• Allow existing businesses to improve the quality and variety of their products ✔✔
• Allow natural monopolies e.g. Table Mountain Cableway to achieve abnormal  profits ✔✔
• The public sector also provides a range of financial incentives for private sector  tourism investment (grants, subsidies, loans, tax rebates) ✔✔ (10) 

Infrastructure development 

• Adequate and well-maintained infrastructure is essential for tourist destinations ✔✔
• Locals share this infrastructure with tourists ✔✔
• Government often prioritises economic infrastructure such as ports and  beaches ✔✔
• In addition to physical and basic infrastructure, social infrastructure is also important  for the growth of tourism ✔✔
• Most of the SDIs and development corridors also have tourism as an important  focus ✔✔✔✔✔✔ (8)

Households 

• Members of households earn income from the tourism sector as tour operators,  travel agents etc. ✔✔
• Many households are indirectly involved in tourism as employees ✔✔ e.g. in hotels,  transport sector ✔
• Entrepreneurs from households that operate as curio producers or musicians can  earn income from tourism ✔✔
• A large number of households acquire skills in the tourism industry ✔✔
• School curriculum and learnership offer opportunities to acquire these skills ✔✔
• Encourages rural development because many tourist attractions are located in rural  areas ✔✔ (8)
  (Accept any other correct relevant response) 
   (Allocate a maximum of 8 marks for mere listing of facts/examples) (Max. 26)

ADDITIONAL PART 
Tourism can be successfully marketed in less popular destinations by: 

• advertising the firms' attractions in a variety of media including social media and  internet which may reach both local and international potential tourists ✔✔
• focusing on a clear message that concentrates on the strength of the attraction/ uniqueness of the destination ✔✔
• using the indigenous knowledge systems of that particular area where possible ✔✔
• describing the service offered in the best possible way to catch the interest of the  likely tourist ✔✔ E.g. the use of slogans ✔
• charging a price that is competitive and money well spent for the service  offered ✔✔
• helping the tourist to view the entire service as value for money – deliver a world class visitor experience ✔✔
• highlighting other places of interest in the vicinity of the attraction as part of a  package ✔✔ 
• focusing on proudly South African products/services / Sho’t Left campaign ✔✔
• help disadvantaged South Africans to benefit from tourist attractions in the less  popular destinations ✔✔
  (Accept any other correct relevant response) (Max. 10)   

CONCLUSION 
A weaker exchange rate has been a major contributing factor to South Africa's tourism  industry growth over many years ✔✔  
(Accept any correct relevant response) (Max 2) [40] 

TOTAL SECTION C: 40 
GRAND TOTAL: 150

ECONOMICS
PAPER 1
GRADE 12 
NSC PAST PAPERS AND MEMOS
FEBRUARY/MARCH 2018

MEMORANDUM 

SECTION A (COMPULSORY) 
QUESTION 1  
1.1 MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS  
1.1.1 C – public ✓✓
1.1.2 D – income ✓✓
1.1.3 C – free floating ✓✓
1.1.4 A – trend line ✓✓
1.1.5 A – life expectancy ✓✓
1.1.6 B – interdependent ✓✓
1.1.7 D – services ✓✓
1.1.8 B – production price ✓✓ (8 x 2) (16) 

1.2 MATCHING ITEMS  
1.2.1 D – a small initial increase in spending produces proportionately   larger increase in aggregate national income ✓
1.2.2 G – long term financial instruments e.g. bonds ✓
1.2.3 A – removal of unnecessary laws, by-laws and power imbalances   that inhibit free operations ✓
1.2.4 H – measures the distance of oscillation of a variable from trend line  to the peak and trough ✓
1.2.5 F – expresses a country's export prices in terms of its import prices ✓
1.2.6 E – information about the size and structure of a population ✓
1.2.7 I – A key growth sector of the Integrated Manufacturing Strategy ✓
1.2.8 C – people and their skills required for production ✓ (8 x 1) (8) 

1.3 GIVE ONE TERM  
1.3.1 Households / Consumer ✓
1.3.2 Composite ✓
1.3.3 Balance of Payments ✓
1.3.4 Demerit ✓ 
1.3.5 Personal income tax / income tax / tax ✓
1.3.6 Industrial development / Corridors / Spatial Development Initiatives /  tax incentives ✓ (6 x 1) (6) 

TOTAL SECTION A: 30

SECTION B 
Answer any TWO of the three questions in this section in the ANSWER BOOK.
QUESTION 2: MACROECONOMICS  
2.1 Answer the following questions. 
2.1.1 Give TWO examples of leakages.  

• Taxes / T✓
• Savings / S ✓
• Imports expenditure / M ✓ (2 x 1) (2) 

2.1.2 Why should the public sector participate in the management of  the economy?  

• To ensure the application of suitable and credible economic policies to ensure equal opportunities to everyone to increase the standard  of living / Ensure efficient and effective application and distribution  of resources in the economy / limit anti-competitive behaviour /  ensure achievement of macro-economic objectives ✓✓  

(Accept any other correct relevant response) (1 x 2) (2)
2.2 DATA RESPONSE 
2.2.1 Which method was used in the calculation of the Gross  Domestic Product (GDP) above? 

• Production method / Value added / GDP(P) ✓ (1)  

2.2.2 Which year is currently used as the base year by the South  African Reserve Bank (SARB)? 

• 2010 ✓ (1)   

2.2.3 Briefly describe the term Gross National Product. 

• The value of all final goods and services ✓ produced by the citizens  ✓ of a country over a particular period (2) 

2.2.4 Which sector steadily increased its contribution to the GDP  since 2014? 

• Tertiary sector ✓✓ (2) 

2.2.5 What happened to the value added by the primary sector  between 2015 and 2016? Motivate your answer. 

• The contribution of the primary sector declined ✓✓ from  R307 875 m in 2015 to R291 143 m in 2016 ✓✓

(Accept any other correct relevant motivation) (2 x 2) (4)
2.3 DATA RESPONSE 
2.3.1 Identify a trough in the business cycle above. 

• T1 / T2 / T3 ✓ (1)   

2.3.2 During which year was the first business cycle fully completed  in the graph above? 

• 2007 / 2001 – 2007 ✓ (1)

2.3.3 Briefly describe the term real (actual) business cycle. 

• A real business cycle occurs when the effects of irregular events /  seasonal / long-term growth trends are removed from the time series  data ✓✓

(Accept any other correct relevant response) (2) 
2.3.4 How can the South African government use government  spending as fiscal measure to stimulate the economy? 

• Governments can increase economic activity by increasing  government spending ✓✓ (2) 

2.3.5 How could the South African Reserve Bank have prevented the business cycle from plunging to T3?  
The Reserve bank can: 

• adjust the repo rate downwards, that will lead to lower interest  rates ✓✓
• decrease cash reserve requirements to make more money  available at banks, for loans ✓✓
• buy securities in the open market (open market  transactions) ✓✓
• stabilise the exchange rate ✓✓
• increase the money supply ✓✓

 (Accept any other correct relevant response) (2 x 2) (4)
2.4 Briefly discuss economies of scale and choice as arguments in favour of  free trade. 
Economies of scale:  

• Free trade allows industries to maximise economies of scale, reduce costs  and become competitive in world markets ✓✓
• This benefits the world economy by distributing labour effectively and  creating economic efficiency ✓✓
• Economies of scale are a source of comparative advantage ✓✓
• Economies of scale benefits consumers as low production costs lead to  low prices ✓✓
• Increase in world trade leads to larger markets ✓✓ more investments in  the production processes✓✓(2 x 2)

Choice: 

• Free trade allows consumers the choice of what to buy from the whole  world and not just form what is produced domestically ✓✓
• This will increase consumer welfare because some consumers prefer to  buy foreign goods rather than domestic goods ✓✓ (2 x 2) 
  (Accept any other correct relevant response) 
  (A maximum of 4 marks should be allocated for mere listing of facts/  examples) (2 x 4) (8) 

2.5 With the aid of a well-labelled Laffer curve, explain the impact of tax rate  increases on state revenue. 

Effects of a tax increase on state revenue 

• As the tax rate increases, tax revenue increases ✓✓
• Where the curve peaks (at tax rate t) the tax to government maximises ✓✓
• At tax rates higher than t, state revenue will decline because workers will  refuse to work or disclose their income (evasion/avoidance) ✓✓ (Max 4) (8)
  (Accept any other correct relevant response)  [40] 

QUESTION 3: ECONOMIC PURSUITS  
3.1 Answer the following questions. 
3.1.1 Name any TWO basic services that influence one's standard of  living.  

• Electricity ✓
• Refuse disposal ✓
• Water supply ✓
• Sanitation ✓
• Basic education ✓
• Basic healthcare ✓
• Housing ✓
• Nutrition / school feeding scheme ✓
  (Accept any other correct relevant response) (2 x 1) (2)

3.1.2 How can SMMEs support economic growth?  
SMMEs can support economic growth by: 

• increasing production processes ✓✓
• creating employment opportunities for structurally unemployed  people ✓✓
• increasing competition ✓✓
• increasing opportunities for exports ✓✓
• increased entrepreneurial skills that will lead to higher  production and investment ✓✓
  (Accept any other correct relevant response) (1 x 2) (2)

3.2 DATA RESPONSE 
3.2.1 Identify the international institution that prepares statistics on  human development from the extract. 

• United Nations / UN ✓ (1)   

3.2.2 Name ONE indicator from the extract that is used in measuring  the standard of living. 

• Gross income per capita / GNI p.c. ✓
• Life expectancy ✓
• Education ✓(1) 

3.2.3 Briefly describe why urbanisation is regarded as an economic  indicator. 

• Urbanisation is an economic indicator because it indicates to  businesses the availability of workers and the purchasing power and  services which they can cater for ✓✓  
  (Accept any other correct relevant response) (2)

3.2.4 Briefly describe why urbanisation is regarded as a social  indicator. 

• Urbanisation is a social indicator because it points out to  governments and developers that land has to be provided for a  variety of purposes and services e.g. more housing ✓✓
  (Accept any other correct relevant response) (2) 

3.2.5 How should high education inequalities be addressed to  improve the standard of living of South Africans? 
The standard of living could be improved by: 

• proper training and skilling of school management to become  effective and efficient ✓✓
• provisioning of sound educational infrastructure in the form of  laboratories and libraries ✓✓
• up-skilling and reskilling of the teachers ✓✓
• insisting on a sound teaching and learning atmosphere ✓✓
• improved corporate funding and government subsidies ✓✓
• free tertiary education and no fee schools ✓✓
• other languages should be recognised as language of teaching  and learning ✓✓
  (Accept any other correct relevant response) (2 x 2) (4)

3.3 DATA RESPONSE 
3.3.1 What challenge must South Africa address by 2030, according  to the extract above? 

• To roll back poverty and inequality ✓ (1) 

3.3.2 In the extract above, identify ONE way in which South Africa  could minimise the challenges it faces. 

• Improve education ✓ (1)

3.3.3 Briefly describe the term economic growth. 

• An increase in the productive capacity / goods and services of the  economy over a period of time / increase in real GDP ✓✓
  (Accept any other correct relevant response) (2)   

3.3.4 What economic benefit will the implementation of the National  Development Plan have on the economy? 

• Reduce youth unemployment ✓✓
• Provide young people with broader opportunities ✓✓
• Increase the competitive capacity of the economy ✓✓
• Improve the standard of living of the people ✓✓
• Increase the pace of industrialisation ✓✓
  (Accept any other correct relevant response) Any (1 x 2) (2)

3.3.5 How can poverty and inequality be addressed in South Africa? 
Poverty and inequality can be addressed by: 

• improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the provision of  services ✓✓
• distributing resources more fairly ✓✓
• improving the education standards ✓✓
• creating employment opportunities in the country e.g. EPWP ✓✓
• providing cash benefits e.g. social grants ✓✓
• awareness programmes e.g. family planning ✓✓
• changing of labour laws e.g. BEE, employment equity ✓✓  
   (Accept any other correct relevant response) Any (2 x 2) (4)

3.4 Briefly discuss the repo rate and money supply as economic indicators. 
Repo rate: 

• is the rate at which the SARB provides loans to commercial banks ✓✓
• effective utilization of the decisions made on the change of the repo rate by the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) ✓✓
• when the MPC lower the repo rate, banks should likewise reduce their  interest rates in order to produce increased consumption spending by  consumers ✓✓
• when the MPC increases its repo rate, banks would increase their  interest rates and this would have a negative effect or decline in the  consumption spending by consumers ✓✓
• if interest rates increase, debt of households and businesses increase and repayment of debt becomes larger too ✓✓
• it may signal that a downturn in the business may occur and thus the  welfare of consumers becomes affected ✓✓ (2 x 2)

Money supply: 

• The SARB is currently focusing on targeting inflation rather than the  money supply ✓✓
• The quantity of money consists of M1: that includes coins and notes  outside the monetary sector and demand deposits of the domestic private  sector with monetary institutions ✓✓
• M2: equal to M1 plus all other short-term and medium-term deposits of  the domestic sector with monetary institutions ✓✓
• M3: equal to M2 plus all long-term deposits of the domestic private sector  with monetary institutions ✓✓ (2 x 2) 
  (Accept any other correct relevant response) 
   (A maximum of 4 marks can be allocated for mere listing of facts/  examples) (2 x 4) (8)

3.5 Why is it important for the government to assess the performance of the  economy from time to time? 
The government should assess the economy to benefit from: 

• using economic indicators to check how the economy is doing from time  to time ✓✓ e.g. GDP that shows the behaviour of one of the variables  usually overtime ✓
• using indicators for output, money interests, prices etc., at all times to compare amongst them and assists in the decision making processes ✓✓
• taking into account any changes in these indicators such that they would use for planning purposes and compiling policies to improve the economy  ✓✓
• comparing similar figures to those of other countries and tell us the  relative performance ✓✓
• achieving of main macro-economic objectives e.g. an increase in the real  GDP ✓✓
• gain a better understanding on the purpose and reasons why they should  be prepared ✓✓ e.g. the CPI is calculated to show price increases of  consumers' goods and reflects the cost of living ✓
• assisting the business community to understand the use of CPI to base  their increases on prices ✓✓  
   (Accept any other correct relevant response) 
  (A maximum of 2 marks can be allocated for mere listing of facts/  examples) (8) [40]

QUESTION 4: MACROECONOMICS AND ECONOMIC PURSUITS 
4.1 Answer the following questions. 
4.1.1 Give any TWO reasons for public sector failure. 

• Management failure ✓
• Apathy ✓
• Lack of motivation ✓
• Politicians ✓
• Bureaucrats (public servants) ✓
• Special interests groups ✓
• Structural weaknesses ✓ (2 x 1) (2) 

4.1.2 What impact will the introduction of the green economy have on  the industrial development plan of South Africa? 
Industries would now: 

• focus on substituting products that are more environmentally  friendly e.g. paper bags instead of plastic ✓✓
• use new techniques or equipment to save energy and replace  coal and oil with greener energy resources such as wind or sun,  that will lead to greater efficiency and less waste ✓✓
• recycle waste such as bottles, cans and cardboard ✓✓
• comply to pressures by the Green Party that forced industries to  encourage consider the environment when making business  decisions ✓✓
  (Accept any other correct relevant response) (1 x 2) (2)

4.2 DATA RESPONSE 
4.2.1 Who presents the budget speech in Parliament? 

• Minister of Finance ✓ (1)

4.2.2 Identify the type of budget mentioned in the extract above.

• Mini budget / Medium term budget policy statement / MTBPS ✓(1)

4.2.3 Briefly describe the term budget. 

• A budget is a document showing anticipated revenue ✓ and  estimated expenditure ✓ (2) 
  (Accept any other correct relevant response) 

4.2.4 What is the main purpose of levying a sugar tax? 

• increase state revenue ✓✓
• discourage people from the excessive use of sugar which causes diabetes and heart diseases ✓✓ (2)

4.2.5 Explain why an increase in VAT will have a negative impact on  the economy. 
An increase in VAT will: 

• cause an increase in prices of a wide range of products ✓✓ which will lead to an increase in inflation ✓✓
• disadvantage the middle class and poor ✓✓ decrease in  disposable income / they will purchase less ✓✓
• lower demand influencing production in a negative way ✓✓ and  decrease economic growth ✓✓ (2 x 2) (4)
  (Accept any other correct relevant response) 

4.3 DATA RESPONSE 
4.3.1 In the information above, identify a government department that  drives the implementation of regional development policies. 

• Department of Trade and Industry / DTI ✓ (1)

4.3.2 Which corridor is represented by ①in the map above?

• Maputo development corridor ✓ (1)

4.3.3 Briefly describe the term corridor. 

• Spatial area that offer particular advantage to mining, manufacturing tourism and other businesses / a gateway that links two areas ✓✓
  (Accept any other correct relevant response) (2) 

4.3.4 What is the aim of the government in the adoption of regional development policies? 

• Assist with the promotion of a more spread of industries so that  capital and labour can be directed towards under-developed areas ✓✓
  (Accept any other correct relevant response) (2) 

4.3.5 How can the introduction of SEZs benefit the economy of South  Africa?  
SEZ's can benefit the economy by:  

• attracting new businesses (tax incentives) / investment ✓✓
• assisting businesses that establish new products lines and  expand their operations ✓✓
• creating more employment for the people in their neighbourhood ✓✓
• increasing productivity and economic growth ✓✓
• promoting more effective use of resources ✓✓
• focusing on both domestic production and exports ✓✓
  (Accept any other correct relevant response) Any (2 x 2) (4)

4.4 Explain changes in demand and interest rates as measures to correct  the balance of payments disequilibria. 
Changes in demand: 

• Long-term policies include export promotion such as government  incentives, applied to encourage the production of goods that can be  exported and limit imports ✓✓
• Import substitution can be applied where government incentives include  producing goods domestically rather than to import them ✓✓
• E.g. European governments pay subsidies to farmers to ensure a  productive advantage over developing countries where this practice is not  followed ✓✓ (2 x 2) 

Interest rates: 

• Domestic demand on imports will decrease if interest rates increase ✓✓
• Higher interest rates will attract foreign investment to South Africa which  will improve the Balance of Payments ✓✓ (2 x 2) 
  (A maximum of 4 marks can be allocated for mere listing of facts/examples) (2 x 4) (8) 

4.5 How does South Africa's regional development policies compare to  international benchmarks, in terms of good governance and  partnerships? 
South Africa's performance regarding good governance by:  

• managing regional development effectively and free of corruption / enforcing democratic decision-making, transparency, good financial  management and control ✓✓

South Africa performed poorly due to: 

• mismanagement e.g. SAA or Eskom ✓✓ / poor decision-making e.g. Vrede  milkfarm in the Free State ✓✓ (2 x 2) (Accept any other relevant example explained) 

South Africa's performance regarding partnerships is: 

• reflecting various effective agreements between central government, local  authorities, civil society, special interest groups, NGOs and the private  sector ✓✓

South Africa performed well in: 

• attempting to promote the advantages of a more even regional  development by using the labour, other natural resources and  infrastructure in neglected areas through PPPs / South Africa introduced  policies to stimulate economic activities in rural and urban areas e.g. IDZ’s,  SEZ’s ✓✓ (2 x 2)
  (A maximum of 2 marks can be allocated for mere listing of facts/examples) (Accept any other correct relevant response) (2 x 4) (8) [40] 

TOTAL SECTION B: 80

SECTION C 
Answer any ONE of the two questions in this section in the ANSWER BOOK.
QUESTION 5: MACROECONOMICS  

• Discuss import substitution as part of South Africa’s international trade  policy under the following:
  • Methods (13 Marks)
  • Reasons/Advantages (13 Marks) (26 marks)
• With the aid of a graph, assess the effect of an increase in mass production on international trade. (10 marks)   

INTRODUCTION 
This is when a country introduces policies to encourage the production of imported  goods locally where such production required the expansion or establishment of  manufacturing industries✓✓
(Accept any other correct relevant response) Max (2)

BODY: MAIN PART 
METHODS 

• Tariffs ✓ (also known as custom duties or import duties) are taxes on imported  goods ✓✓
  • Ad valorem✓
    • as the percentage of the value ✓✓on luxury goods such as cars, jewellery and  perfumes ✓
  • Specific ✓
    • which is an amount per unit, mass or size on for example, food, animals and  plants ✓✓
    • the effect of imposing a tariff is to raise prices for domestic consumers and in  the absence of any retaliation, shift demand from imports to domestically  produced products ✓
• Quotas ✓
  • A quota is a limit on the supply of a good or service ✓✓
  • although quotas can be imposed on exports, quotas on imports are more  common e.g. a quota may place a restriction on the import of bicycles, say  10 000 a year or up to R10 000 worth of bicycles✓✓ 
  • foreign businesses will experience a reduction in the quantity they can sell but  they may benefit from higher prices if demand for their products is inelastic ✓✓
• Subsidies✓ 
  • (transport costs or employment) to domestic enterprises that export goods may  be used as an indirect way of protecting them, for example the subsidies paid  to European farmers ✓✓
  • these subsidies may enable relatively high cost domestic enterprises to  undercut more efficient foreign enterprises in the domestic market ✓✓
• Licences ✓ 
  • A licence is granted to a business by the government and allows a business to  import a certain type of product into a country ✓✓ 
  • This does create a restriction on competition and could lead to price increases ✓✓
• Voluntary export restraints ✓ 
  • This could lead to price increases on non-essential imported goods, but protect  the local industries ✓✓
• Exchange controls ✓ 
  • A government or a free trade area, may seek to reduce imports by limiting the  amount of foreign exchange made available to those wishing to import goods  and services or to invest or travel abroad ✓✓ 
  • Exchange controls require that all foreign exchange earnings by residents need  to be handed over to the central bank ✓✓ 
  • those who need to make foreign payments then have to apply to the central  bank that rations them ✓✓
• Physical control ✓ 
  • This usually takes the form of a complete ban or an embargo on the imports of  certain goods ✓✓
  • An embargo is a ban on the export or import of a product and or a ban on trade  with a particular country e.g. a country may ban the export of arms to a country  with poor human rights record ✓✓
  • It may also ban imports, say drugs, and is likely to break off trading relations  with a country during a military conflict ✓✓
• Diverting trade ✓ 
  • Some measures are aimed at making it difficult to import goods from abroad:
• Import deposits ✓ 
  • Government may require importers to deposit a given sum of money before they  can import products ✓✓ 
  • Time-consuming customs procedures discourage importing ✓✓
  • Quality standards- Government may set domestic quality standards, which  foreign enterprises seeking to export to the country may find difficult to meet ✓✓ Max (13) 

REASONS  
Developing countries are tempted to pursue import substitution policies for two reasons  in diversification and trade 

• Diversification ✓
  • Developing countries often find import substitution the easiest way to diversify  their economies ✓✓
  • It is argued that their industrial base of their economies needs to be  strengthened and expanded and this will make them less dependent on foreign  countries and give them more control over their economies ✓✓
  • A natural starting point is import substitution because there is certainty that a  domestic market exists for their products ✓✓
  • Manufacturers often establish themselves when they are not really able to  compete with imports more when the infant industry argument is used to justify  protection measures ✓✓
  • Such industries may the potential of comparative advantage and when given  protection, may be able to benefit from larger scales of production and become  internationally competitive ✓✓
  • They may eventually become more independent of protection and be able to  export and expand their scale of operation further ✓✓
• Trade  
  • Developing countries depend on their natural resources as a basis for economic  growth and development ✓✓
  • In many instances, their exports consist of primary goods such as minerals and  agricultural produce ✓✓
  • The demand for such goods, particularly agricultural foods from foreign  countries, is fairly fixed and inflexible ✓✓
  • meaning that such goods have a low income and price elasticity of demand  which means that even substantial changes in prices and income have no  significant effect on the demand for them ✓✓
  • this makes them unsuitable as a basis for economic growth ✓✓

ADVANTAGES 

• Increased employment ✓ 
  • Local workers, rather than foreign workers are employed to produce the goods  that substitute foreign goods ✓✓
  • Increased employment, in turn stimulates the economy and the GDP increases ✓✓
• More choices ✓ 
  •  Because goods are no longer imported but locally produced, the foreign  exchange that becomes available can be used for other imports, thereby  increasing the choices made available to consumers ✓✓ 
• Diversification ✓ 
  •  The domestic economy becomes more diversified by producing a greater variety  of goods locally and is less vulnerable to foreign actions and conditions, such as  price increases of foreign goods and financial turbulences in the foreign  markets ✓✓ Max (13)  
    (A maximum of 8 marks can be allocated for mere listing of facts/examples)  

MARK ALLOCATION 

1. Correct drawing of curves = 1 mark 
2. Correct labling of curves = 1 mark 
3. Indicate change in supply curve = 1 mark 
4. Correct drawing and change in supply curve = 1 mark 
5.  Change in quantity regarding change in supply curve = 2 marks 
   TOTAL = 6 MARKS

Impact of the increase of mass production on international trade: 

• An increase in production as a result of mass production would lead to an increase  in the supply of goods and services on foreign markets ✓✓ shifting the supply to  the right from S to S1 ✓✓ (this explanation could also be given without reference to  a graph) 
• An increase in exports will lead to an inflow of foreign exchange which will push  the supply curve to the right ✓✓ 
• This will lead to an appreciation in the value of the rand ✓✓
• Create more employment that will lead to an increased demand for foreign goods  that might facilitate international trade ✓✓ and lead to an access to a greater  variety of goods and services ✓✓
• Most manufactured products require large-scale production in order to be  affordable and profitable ✓✓
   (Accept any other correct relevant response) Max (10)

CONCLUSION 
Import substitution as an inward-looking strategy can best help in the restrictions of  imports in order to allow domestic enterprises the opportunity to grow their businesses  and supply similar products that will grow the economy better ✓✓ Max (2) (Accept any other correct relevant higher order response) [40] 

QUESTION 6: ECONOMIC PURSUITS  

• Discuss the supply-side approach in promoting growth and development in  South Africa by including:
  • Efficiency (13 marks)
  • Cost of doing business (13 marks) (26 marks)
• How effective was the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) in  addressing the imbalances of the past in South Africa? (10 marks)  

INTRODUCTION 
Supply-side policies focus on supply and its microeconomic components such as  competition and potential output to supply goods and services ✓✓  (Answer any other correct relevant response) Max (2) 

MAIN PART 

1. The efficiency and effectiveness of markets
   Efficient
   • If a business achieves its aims of profitability and growth, the business is  effective ✓✓
   • Similarly, industries and markets are also effective when they achieve their aims✓✓
   • In South Africa, the government imposes aims on the markets through law which  they are obliged to pursue and if they meet those objectives, they are efficient ✓✓

Effectiveness 

• • Government demands that markets operate in a manner that ensures that more  black people are absorbed into the mainstream economy because they were  previously excluded ✓✓
  • Two Acts were promulgated among others to enforce a preference for black workers  and the business of black people ✓✓ The Employment Equity Act ✓ This Act prohibits discrimination and requires that  the workforce reflects the racial and gender profile of the population ✓✓ − Businesses have to file an employment equity plan with the Department of  Labour and inspectors from the department visit the business sites to ensure  compliance ✓✓

Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment ✓✓

• This act provides the legal basis for the transformation of the South African  economy ✓✓
• This requires the redress so that the number of black people who own / manage and control businesses in the country ✓✓ can increase significantly and income  inequalities can be decreased substantially ✓✓
• Efficiency – Pareto efficiency means that given the constraints of the  effectiveness parameters, it is not possible to change the allocation of resources  in such a way that someone is made better off without making someone else  worse off✓✓
• It includes productive and allocative efficiency ✓✓
  • Competition ✓ This was increased in the following manner in the markets:  By establishing new businesses and recruiting of FDI ✓✓ and the reduction  of import restrictions ✓✓ which increased competition from abroad ✓✓
    • In addition, a competition regulatory network was established to enforce  competition practices amongst domestic businesses (the Competition Act  (1998), Competition Tribunal, and Competition Appeals Court) ✓✓ and in  spite of this, the Global Competitive Index shows that South Africa's  competitiveness is slipping ✓✓
  • Deregulation ✓ Private sector power imbalances that inhibit the free  operation of markets have been revised and some were even abolished in  the mid-1990s ✓✓
  • Privatisation ✓ Efficiency is improved in terms of quality of services  delivered and products delivered ✓✓
• Government maintains its' commitment to improve the ease of doing business in  South Africa ✓✓
• Exchange control measures were occasionally relaxed but not abandoned by  2012 ✓✓
• In spite of this, the ease of Doing Business Index shows South Africa is slipping  every year ✓✓

Business efficiency 
Some measures serve as incentives to increase the effort and efficiency and greater  profitability ✓✓

• Taxes ✓
  • The country's corporate income tax is at 28% and small businesses pay a lower  rate as long as their income is less than R350 000 over year while the micro enterprises the turnover is R750 000 ✓✓
  • Individual income tax starts at 18% and increase on sliding scale to 40% ✓✓
  • The effects of bracket creeping on personal income tax has been attended to in  almost every budget with the adjustments in of income brackets✓✓
• Capital formation ✓
  • The depreciation of capital goods used by businesses is designed to encourage  investment e.g. the purchasing of new machinery may be depreciated over four  years, 40% in the first year and computers and electronic equipment over three  years ✓✓
  • Government , through the DTI and the IDC, also provides capital and loans to  SMMEs and bigger businesses ✓✓
  • These serve as incentives to promote efficiency ✓✓
• Human resources / transformation of education ✓
  • Education receives proportionally the bigger slice of the budget expenditure ✓✓
  • Sectoral Education and Training Authorities (SETAs) have to facilitate post school, work-related training and all these measures are aimed at fostering  efficiency ✓✓
• Free advisory services ✓
  • Examples include the development of export markets, managing and running  SMMEs, agricultural production, weather forecasts, and preventing and curing  animal diseases ✓✓ (Max 13) 

2. Cost of doing business 
In South Africa government controls most physical infrastructure components ✓✓ The availability, reliability and cost of infrastructure services play an important role in  the financial viability and profitability of businesses ✓✓

• Transport costs ✓
  • Transport options in the form of air, road, rail and sea transport ✓✓
  • Government controls air and rail transport in South Africa ✓✓
  • A substantial promotion of cargo and passenger transport is moved by road ✓✓
  • Only a reliable rail service that is cheaper than road transport will turn this  around ✓✓
  • Transport costs within South Africa and between South Africa and its exports  destinations are expensive due to the long distances involved ✓✓
  • Government has committed to improving the efficiency and reliability of its rail  transport services and to making it more affordable ✓✓
• Communication costs ✓
  • Communications options are cable, signal and mail ✓✓
  • Government controls cable (land and fixed) and mail communication services  ✓✓
  • Cable communication in South Africa is the most expensive in the world but  reasonably efficient ✓✓
  • The high cost make IT services for businesses and individuals expensive and  inhibits global competitiveness ✓✓
• Energy costs ✓ 
  • The two main forms of energy in South Africa are electricity and liquid fuels ✓✓
  • Eskom is a monopoly electricity supplier ✓✓
  • In recent years its rates escalated substantially and at times it has been unable  to meet the demand for electricity and this undermines the efficiency in the  economy ✓✓
  • Government announced substantial investments in new electricity capacity  recently ✓✓
  • Government regulates petrol and paraffin prices ✓✓
  • prices of imported crude oil are linked to international market prices which are  high ✓✓
  • High liquid energy prices undermine the efficiency of the economy✓✓
    (A maximum of 8 marks can be allocated for mere listing of facts/examples)
    (Accept any other correct relevant response) (Max 13) 

ADDITIONAL PART 
The RDP was effective in that it: 

• was a labour-intensive public works programme ✓✓
• assisted in the reduction of poverty by providing more employment ✓✓
• it was a socio-economic policy framework that went through as a golden thread in  every government plan ✓✓
• assisted in the development of human resources that the economy needs most for  development ✓✓
• assisted in the increase of infrastructure development✓✓
• promoted the implementation of land reform ✓✓
• helped in the provisioning of houses, water electricity and primary health care ✓✓
  (Also accept the negative point of view)
  (Accept any other correct relevant response) Max (10) 

CONCLUSION 
The supply-side policy approach can be used to encourage quality and quantity use of  factors of production to the best of the economy ✓✓ Max (2)
(Accept any other correct relevant higher order response) [40] 

TOTAL SECTION C: 40
GRAND TOTAL : 150

ECONOMICS
PAPER 1
GRADE 12 
NSC PAST PAPERS AND MEMOS
FEBRUARY/MARCH 2018

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION 

1. Answer FOUR questions as follows in the ANSWER BOOK: 
   SECTION A: COMPULSORY
   SECTION B: Answer TWO of the three questions.
   SECTION C: Answer ONE of the two questions. 
2. Answer only the required number of questions. Answers in excess of the  required number will NOT be marked. 
3. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this  question paper. 
4. Write the question number above each answer. 
5. Read the questions carefully.
6. Start EACH question on a NEW page.
7. Leave 2–3 lines between subsections of questions. 
8. Answer the questions in full sentences and ensure that the format, content  and context of your responses comply with the cognitive requirements of the  questions. 
9. Use only blue or black ink. 
10. You may use a non-programmable pocket calculator.
11. Write neatly and legibly.

QUESTIONS 

SECTION A (COMPULSORY) 
QUESTION 1 30 MARKS – 20 MINUTES 
1.1 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions.  Choose the answer and write only the letter (A–D) next to the question  number (1.1.1–1.1.8) in the ANSWER BOOK, for example 1.1.9 D.   
1.1.1 The government is responsible for … sector provisioning. 

1. private
2. foreign
3. public
4. financial 

1.1.2 The total remuneration that the owners of production factors  receive is called national … 

1. production.
2. expenditure.
3. exports. 
4. income. 

1.1.3 The exchange rate system used by South Africa is called the ... exchange rate system. 

1. fixed
2. managed floating
3. free-floating
4. gold standard 

1.1.4 An indication of long-term growth in the economy is referred to as the … 

1. trend line.
2. amplitude.
3. length.
4. trough. 

1.1.5 The number of years that a new-born baby is likely to live is known  as … 

1. life expectancy.
2. population.
3. nutrition.
4. population growth. 

1.1.6 Globalisation makes countries more economically … 

1. isolated.
2. interdependent.
3. structured.
4. independent.

1.1.7 Households in South Africa spend most of their income on … 

1. durable goods.
2. semi-durable goods.
3. non-durable goods.
4. services. 

1.1.8 An indicator generally used to measure the cost of production is  known as the … index. 

1. consumer price 
2. production price 
3. headcount  
4. price (8 x 2) (16) 

1.2 Choose a description from COLUMN B that matches the item in COLUMN A.  Write only the letter (A–I) next to the question number (1.2.1–1.2.8) in the  ANSWER BOOK. 

(8 x 1) (8)
1.3 Give ONE term for each of the following descriptions. Write only the term next  to the question number (1.3.1–1.3.6) in the ANSWER BOOK.  NO abbreviations or acronyms will be accepted. 
1.3.1 The owners of the production factors in the economy 
1.3.2 A summary of the value of different leading indicators into a single  value 
1.3.3 A statement of a country's trade and financial transactions with the  rest of the world 
1.3.4 Goods that are harmful to society, for example cigarettes 
1.3.5 The main source of revenue to the state 
1.3.6 Encourages investment in manufacturing, agriculture and mining   (6 x 1) (6) 

 TOTAL SECTION A: 30

SECTION B 
Answer any TWO of the three questions in this section in the ANSWER BOOK.
QUESTION 2: MACROECONOMICS 40 MARKS – 30 MINUTES
2.1 Answer the following questions. 
2.1.1 Give any TWO examples of leakages. (2 x 1) (2) 
2.1.2 Why should the public sector participate in the management of the  economy? (1 x 2) (2) 
2.2 Study the table below and answer the questions that follow. 

[Source: SARB Quarterly Bulletin, March 2017] 
2.2.1 Which method was used in the calculation of the gross domestic  product (GDP) above? (1) 
2.2.2 Which year is currently used as the base year by the South African  Reserve Bank (SARB)? (1) 
2.2.3 Briefly describe the term gross national product. (2) 
2.2.4 Which sector has increased its contribution to the GDP steadily  since 2014? (2) 
2.2.5 What happened to the value added by the primary sector between  2015 and 2016? Motivate your answer. (2 x 2) (4)
2.3 Study the graph below and answer the questions that follow. 

2.3.1 Identify a trough in the business cycle above. (1)   
2.3.2 During which year was the first business cycle fully complete in  the graph above? (1) 
2.3.3 Briefly describe the term real (actual) business cycle. (2) 
2.3.4 How can the South African government use government spending as fiscal measure to stimulate the economy? (2) 
2.3.5 How could the South African Reserve Bank have prevented the  business cycle from plunging to T3? (2 x 2) (4) 
2.4 Briefly discuss economies of scale and choice as arguments in favour of free  trade. (2 x 4) (8) 
2.5 With the aid of a well-labelled Laffer curve, explain the impact of a tax rate  increase on state revenue. (8) [40] 

QUESTION 3: ECONOMIC PURSUITS 40 MARKS – 30 MINUTES 
3.1 Answer the following questions. 
3.1.1 Name any TWO basic services that influence a person's standard  of living. (2 x 1) (2) 
3.1.2 How can SMMEs support economic growth? (1 x 2) (2)
3.2 Study the information below and answer the questions that follow. 

3.2.1 Identify in the extract above the international institution that prepares statistics on human development. (1) 
3.2.2 Name ONE indicator in the extract that is used in measuring  standard of living. (1) 
3.2.3 Briefly describe why urbanisation is regarded as an economic  indicator. (2) 
3.2.4 Briefly describe why urbanisation is regarded as a social indicator. (2) 
3.2.5 How should high education inequalities be addressed to improve  the standard of living of South Africans? (2 x 2) (4)
3.3 Study the extract below and answer the questions that follow. 

3.3.1 What challenge must South Africa address by 2030 according to  the extract above? (1)   
3.3.2 In the extract above, identify ONE way in which South Africa could  minimise the challenges it faces. (1) 
3.3.3 Briefly describe the term economic growth. (2) 
3.3.4 What economic benefit will the implementation of the National  Development Plan have on the economy of South Africa? (2) 
3.3.5 How can poverty and inequality be addressed in South Africa?  (2 x 2) (4) 
3.4 Briefly discuss the repo rate and money supply as economic indicators. (2 x 4) (8) 
3.5 Why is it important for the government to assess the performance of the  economy from time to time? (8) [40]

QUESTION 4: MACROECONOMICS AND ECONOMIC PURSUITS  
 40 MARKS – 30 MINUTES 4.1 Answer the following questions. 
4.1.1 Give any TWO reasons for public sector failure. (2 x 1) (2) 
4.1.2 What impact will the introduction of a green economy have on the industrial development plan of South Africa? (1 x 2) (2) 
4.2 Study the extract below and answer the questions that follow. 

4.2.1 Who presents the budget speech in Parliament? (1)
4.2.2 Identify the type of budget in the extract above. (1)
4.2.3 Briefly describe the term budget. (2)
4.2.4 What is the main purpose of levying sugar tax? (2) 
4.2.5 Explain why an increase in VAT will have a negative impact on the  economy. (2 x 2) (4)
4.3 Study the information below and answer the questions that follow. 

4.3.1 In the information above, identify a government department that  drives the implementation of regional development policies. (1) 
4.3.2 Which corridor is represented by ① in the map above? (1)   
4.3.3 Briefly describe the term corridor. (2) 
4.3.4 What is the aim of the government with the adoption of regional  development policies? (2) 
4.3.5 How can the introduction of special economic zones (SEZs) benefit  the economy of South Africa? (2 x 2) (4)
4.4 Explain changes in demand and interest rates as measures to correct the  balance of payments disequilibria. (2 x 4) (8) 
4.5 How does South Africa's regional development policies compare to  international benchmarks in terms of good governance and partnerships? (8) [40] 

TOTAL SECTION B: 80

SECTION C 
Answer any ONE of the two questions in this section in the ANSWER BOOK. Your answer will be assessed as follows: 

QUESTION 5: MACROECONOMICS 40 MARKS – 40 MINUTES  

• Discuss import substitution as part of South Africa's international trade policy under  the following:
  • Methods (13 marks)
  • Reasons/Advantages (13 marks) (26 marks)
• With the aid of a graph, assess the effect of an increase in mass production on  international trade. (10 marks) [40]   

QUESTION 6: ECONOMIC PURSUITS 40 MARKS – 40 MINUTES  

• Discuss the supply-side approach in promoting growth and development in  South Africa by including:
  • Efficiency (13 marks)
  • Cost of doing business (13 marks) (26 marks)
• How effective was the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) in addressing the inequalities of the past in South Africa? (10 marks) [40] 

TOTAL SECTION C: 40
GRAND TOTAL: 150

MANHOOD SHORT STORY
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GRADE 12

MANHOOD BY JOHN WAIN

Read the extract below and answer the questions that follow.
Extract A

1. To which sports team is Mr Willison referring in line 1? (1)
2. Mr Willison opened his mouth, closed it again, and stood for a moment looking out of the window
   Choose the correct word to show Mr Willison’s feelings when he says. ‘Bad luck’.
   1. Pleased
   2. Disappointed
   3. Furious
   4. Disinterested       (1)
3. Why does Mr Willison insist that his son train as a sportsman?  Give two reasons for your answer.  (2) [4]

Read the extract below and answer the questions that follow.
Extract B

1. Where are Mr Willison and his son planning to go at six o’clock? (1)
2. Why does Mr Willison say it is his “big night”? Give TWO reasons for your answer.     (2)
3. What happened on Mrs Willison’s big night? (1)
4. What is Mrs Willison’s attitude at this stage? Give a reason for your answer.            (2)
5. Whom do you think is right, the father or the mother? Give a reason for your answer?
6. Answer TRUE or FALSE and give a reason for your answer: Mr Willison’s big night is successful.     (2) [9]

THE LUNCHEON SHORT STORY
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GRADE 12

THE LUNCHEON BY W. SOMERSET MAUGHAM

Read the extract below and answer the questions that follow.

Extract A

[The narrator and his guest are about to order their meals.]

1. Describe the events that lead to the narrator and his guest having lunch (2)
2. Refer to lines 1-2 (“I was startled … I had ”).
   1. Explain what the word “startled” suggests about the kind of restaurants the narrator usually (2)
   2. Write down the more commonly used word for “bill of fare”. (1)
   3. Choose the correct answer to complete the following sentence:
      The real reason that the narrator agrees to take the guest out for lunch is because he is …
      1. flattered.
      2. forced.
      3. intimidated.
      4. kind.                                                                                                (1)
3. Refer to the following sentence in line 2: “But she reassured me.”
   From your knowledge of the story as a whole, explain why the guest is NOT reassuring.      (2)
4. Complete the following sentences by using the words provided in the list below.

   sensitive; polite; sincere; manipulative

   The narrator and his guest are different in character. The narrator is a) … while his guest is b) …       (2)
5. Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE? Using your own words, give a reason for your answer.
   The narrator does not order asparagus for himself because he hates it.            (2)
6. Refer to line 13 (“My heart sank a ”).
   1. Identify the figure of speech used (1)
   2. Explain why the narrator has used this figure of (2)
7. Consider the story as a whole.
   If you were the narrator, what would you have done in this situation?      (2) [17]

Read the extract below and answer the questions that follow.

Extract B

[The narrator and his guest are finishing their meal.]

1. Refer to paragraph 1
   Quote ONE word to show that the narrator has not enjoyed his meal.         (1)
2. Consider the story as a whole.
   Is the guest telling the truth when she says, “But I’ve just had a snack…”? Explain your answer.      (2)
3. Refer to paragraph
   Why does the narrator become even more anxious when his guest takes a peach, in particular? State TWO points.  (2)
4. Why does the narrator feel the tip he leaves for the waiter is “inadequate”? (1)
5. Refer to line 9 (“Follow my example …”).
   Explain why it would not be good to follow the guest’s example.
   State TWO points.                                                                                                       (2)
6. Refer to line 11 (“I’ll eat nothing for dinner tonight ”).
   Using your own words, explain the following:
   1. How the guest understands these words (1)
   2. What the narrator means (1)
7. Refer to the last paragraph (lines 15-18).
   1. Write down ONE word to describe how the narrator feels (1)
   2. Explain why the narrator’s desire for revenge is “pardonable”. (2)
8. From your knowledge of the story as a whole, do you think the narrator is a “mean” person? Explain your answer (2)
9. The narrator is to blame for what happens at the restaurant
   Do you agree? Discuss your view.                                                  (2)
10. Explain why the title The Luncheon is suitable (1) [18]

THE SOFT VOICE OF THE SERPENT SHORT STORY
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GRADE 12

THE SOFT VOICE OF THE SERPENT BY NADINE GORDIMER

Read the extract below and answer the questions that follow.

Extract A

[The lady wheels the man into the garden.]

1. Complete the following sentences by filling in the missing words. Write down only the word(s) next to the question number (1(a) – 1(d)).
   The man is being pushed in a (a) ... by his (b) ... He spends much time (c) ... in the garden. Sometimes he thinks about the (d) ... he lost.  (4)
2. Refer to “slack, furled sail of himself” (line 1).
   1. Identify the figure of speech used (1)
   2. Explain why the writer has used this figure of (2)
3. How do you know that the woman is not good at pushing the man?     (1)
4. The man does not complain about how the woman pushes him. What does this tell you about him? State TWO (2)
5. Using your own words, briefly describe how the man feels about his loss. State TWO points.  (2)
6. Refer to lines 14-15. (“He felt it ... ready to burst.”)
   What does the use of the word “crushing” tell you about the man’s feelings?    (2)
7. In your view, should the man keep quiet about how he feels about his loss? Give a reason for your answer.      (2)  [16]

Read the extract below and answer the questions that follow.

Extract B

[They talk about the locust.]

1. In line 1 the man says that the locust needs a “little chair”.
   1. Why does the locust need a chair? (1)
   2. Who does the man think is responsible for the locust’s injury? (1)
   3. Do you think he is being serious when he suggests that the woman should wheel the locust around? Explain your (2)
2. What point is the man making in his statement in lines 5–6 when he says, “I’m sure the ... being kept active”.                      (2)
3. Choose the correct answer to complete the following sentence:
   When the man refers to “The two of us” in line 12, he means the ...
   1. man and the locust.
   2. woman and the locust.
   3. man and the woman.
   4. man and his nurse.                                                                   (1)
4. At the end of the story the locust flies
   1. Explain how the man’s mood (2)
   2. Why does his mood change in this way? (2)
5. Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE? Give a reason for your answer.
   In the title of the story the serpent refers to a real snake in the garden. (2)
6. Consider the story as a whole. The woman experiences mixed feelings towards the What are these feelings? (2)
7. Do you admire the woman? Discuss your (2)
8. The main theme of the story is about coming to terms with one’s How can disabled people be helped to come to terms with their loss? Discuss your view stating at least TWO points. (2) [17]

RELATIVES SHORT STORY
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GRADE 12

RELATIVES BY CHRIS VAN WYK

Read the extract below and answer the questions that follow.

Extract A

[The narrator is remembering his journey.]

1. Read the following statement and complete the sentences by filling in the missing Write only the words next to the question number (1(a) and1(b)).
   The narrator (person who is telling the story) is visiting Carnarvon because he wants to write a novel about his family (a) … Before going to Carnarvon, he spends a week in (b) …    (2)
2. What are “chains of cigarettes” in line 7? (1)
3. In lines 10–11, “the dry riverbeds of history” are mentioned
   1. Identify the figure of speech used here (1)
   2. Explain why the writer has used this figure of speech  (2)
4. The narrator is surprised and pleased by the way the three big men in the compartment treat
   State TWO ways in which these men make him feel like an old friend. (2)
5. Explain how the narrator feels about the other two passengers in the compartment at this point in the State TWO points. (2)
6. When the three men leave, the behaviour of the two boys changes
   Give TWO reasons for the change in the boys’ behaviour.   (2)
7. Give TWO reasons why the narrator decides not to ask the conductor to move him to another compartment. (2)
8. Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE? Write “true” or “false” and give a reason for your answer.
   Before they tell him, the narrator is certain that the two boys are brothers.   (2)
9. The narrator in this story researches his family Do you think it is a good idea for one to do this? Discuss your view.        (2) [18]

Read the extract below and answer the questions that follow.

Extract B

[The narrator tells his fellow passengers about Georgie Abrahams.]

1. Why was Georgie’s wife angry with him when she met him at the station? State TWO points.      (2)
2. Does the writer want his readers to believe that Georgie killed the man? Give a reason for your answer (2)
3. After listening to the story of Georgie Abrahams the people in the compartment have different reactions.
   Describe the different reactions the friendly men and the two boys have (2)
   Why is the narrator not surprised by the boys’ reaction? (1)
4. Read the following statement and complete the sentences by filling in the missing words. Write only the words next to the question number (4(a) and 4(b)).
   The two boys are on their way to their a) … funeral. He was a b) … leader in Coronationville.   (2)
5. The narrator discovers that he is related to the two boys
   1. How does this fact change his feelings towards them?
   2. How does the boys’ behaviour change because of this new-found relationship?       (2)
6. Choose the correct answer to complete the following sentence
   Write only the answer (A–D).      (1)
   One of the themes in this story is …
   1. romantic love.
   2. sibling rivalry.
   3. fear.
   4. greed.                                                                                           (1)
7. Explain what makes the ending of the story (2)
8. Discuss your views on the following statement:
   Family background does not determine what you will become in life.  (2) [17]

THE COFFEE-CART GIRL SHORT STORY
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GRADE 12

THE COFFEE-CART GIRL BY ES’KIA MPHAHLELE

Read the extract below and answer the questions that follow.

Extract A

[China and Pinky meet again after the violent strike.]

1. Describe the events that lead to China saving Pinkie’s cart
   Give THREE points.                                                                       (3)
2. Why does Pinkie refer to China as “uncle” in line 2 of extract A? (1)
3. Choose the correct answer to complete the following In line 3, China says: “Don’t uncle me, please.” His tone in this line is one of:
   1. happiness.
   2. satisfaction.
   3. annoyance.
   4. sadness.                                                                                     (1)
4. Refer to lines 6-9 of extract A (“His eyes travelled ... soiled black beret”). What do these lines show you about Pinkie’s circumstances?  (1)
5. In lines 11–14 of extract A (“There was something .. a repelling admiration”), Pinkie has mixed feelings about China. What are these feelings? (2)
6. Refer to lines 17 of extract A (“just like those ... chamber of horrors”).
   1. Identify the figure of speech in these (1)
   2. In what way does China remind Pinkie of the wax figures? (1)
7. How is China affected by the strike? (1)
8. How are Pinkie and China victims of apartheid prejudice? (2)
9. Later, Pinkie gives China coffee and pancakes. What does this behaviour tell us about the kind of person Pinkie is? State TWO points(2)
10. At the end of the story Pinkie disappears because the police no longer allow her to operate her coffee-cart on the street. In your opinion, is the action of the police justified? Discuss your view (2)  [17]

Read the extract below and answer the questions that follow.

Extract B

[China attacks Pinky in her coffee-cart.]

1. Complete the following sentences by using the words in the list below;

   jersey; guilty; ring; happy; compassionate; jealous; aggressive

   China sees Pinkie wearing a (a) .... He is (b) ... because Naidoo gave it to her. China becomes (c) ... towards Pinkie. Later, he feels (d) ... about this behaviour.                       (4)
2. How does Naidoo make a living? (1)
3. Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE? Write “true” or “false” and give a reason for your answer.
   Pinkie accepted the gift from Naidoo as a token of his love.        (2)
4. Refer to line 6 of extract B (“She panted like ... by a cat”).
   Why does the writer compare Pinkie to a mouse and China to  a cat?            (2)
5. Refer to lines 7-8 of extract B (“He had sent ... a knife before”).
   What does this line show you about China’s past behaviour?       (1)
6. Refer to line 12 of extract B (“She looked at him, mystified”). Explain why Pinkie feels this way.      (2)
7. Refer to the last paragraph of extract B (“The following day ... him any more”).
   1. Why does China’s behaviour change at this stage in the story? (1)
   2. In your opinion, is China being realistic when he hopes that Pinkie will not be afraid of him anymore?    (2)
8. Does Pinkie really forgive China? Give a reason for your answer (1)
9. Pinkie and China do not meet Is this an effective conclusion to this story? Discuss your view.    (2) [18]

THE DUBE TRAIN SHORT STORY
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GRADE 12

THE DUBE TRAIN BY CAN THEMBA

Read the extract below and answer the questions that follow.

Extract A

[The narrator describes a typical Monday morning.]

1. Read the following statement and complete the sentence by filling in the missing words. Write down only the words next to the question number (1a)–1b)).
   In lines 1 and 2 “a child of the sun” is an example of personification.
   The a) … is being described as the b) … of the narrator. (2)
2. Refer to paragraph 1.
   1. Quote no more than FOUR consecutive words from the extract to show that this story is written in the first person. (1)
   2. Using your own words, briefly describe how the narrator feels on a Monday morning. State TWO points. (2)
   3. In your view, why does he feel this way? State TWO points. (2)
3. Refer to paragraph 2.
   Quote TWO consecutive words to show that the narrator has a negative outlook on life. (1)
4. Refer to line 10 (“… shoving savagery of the crowds …”).
   Which figure of speech is used here? (1)
5. Choose the correct answer to complete the following sentence: In line 13, the word “flukes” refers to …
   1. unfortunate accidents.
   2. lucky charms.
   3. unlucky coincidences.
   4. a stroke of good luck. (1)
6. Refer to the story as a whole.
   Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE? Give a reason to support your answer.
   The narrator’s journey was dull and uneventful. (2)
7. What point is the narrator making by including the description of the train carriage and the station? State TWO ideas. (2)
8. A girl boards the train at Phefeni station.
   1. Explain what the narrator finds unusual for a girl of her age.State TWO points. (2)
   2. Explain why the narrator is surprised by the girl’s reactions later, when the tsotsi attacks her. State TWO points. (2) [18]

Read the extract below and answer the questions that follow.

Extract B

[The narrator describes the reactions of the passengers.]

1. Refer to line 1.
   1. Who is “our caveman lover”? (1)
   2. Why is this person described as a “caveman”? (1)
   3. Quote ONE word from paragraph 2 which shows that the narrator is comparing the “caveman” to an animal. (1)
2. Refer to line 7.
   What caused the “caveman” to reel? (1)
3.  Refer to line 12.
   Using your own words, explain why the woman calls the men “poltroons”. (1)
4. Refer to paragraph 4 of the extract.
   Quote FOUR consecutive words to show that the woman believes that the men have strong fatherly instincts. (1)
5. Refer to line 18.
   What does the use of the word “Sies!” suggest about the woman’s feelings? (1)
6. Later in the story the attacker draws a knife when the big man confronts him.
   How do the following people react when they see the knife?
   1. The woman (1)
   2. The male passengers (1)
7. The big man, who has been sitting quietly all the time, comes to life because of the incident described in the extract.
   1. Why, do you think, does he not react when the tsotsi attacks the young girl? State TWO points. (2)
   2. What causes the big man’s violent reaction later? (2)
8. Do you feel sorry for the attacker who is flung from the train and probably killed? Explain your answer. (2)
9. The passengers on the Dube train choose not to get involved when the tsotsi attacks the girl. They also do nothing when he is flung from the train. Why do you think this is the case? Discuss your view. (2) [17]