GEOGRAPHY
PAPER 1
GRADE 12 
NSC PAST PAPERS AND MEMOS
FEBRUARY/MARCH 2017

MEMORANDUM

SECTION A 
QUESTION 1 
1.1

1.1.1 14h00 (1) 
1.1.2 Summer (1) 
1.1.3 Trough (1) 
1.1.4 Unstable (1) 
1.1.5 NNE (1) 
1.1.6 20 (1) 
1.1.7 Higher (1) (7 x 1) (7) 

1.2

1.2.1 C/confluence (1) 
1.2.2 G/tributary (1) 
1.2.3 E/interfluve (1) 
1.2.4 A/drainage basin (1)  
1.2.5 H/stream orders (1) 
1.2.6 B/watershed (1) 
1.2.7 F/river mouth (1) 
1.2.8 D/source (1) (8 x 1) (8) 

1.3

1.3.1 A Cold front (1) 
         B Warm front (1) (2 x 1) (2)
1.3.2 Mature/Warm Sector Stage (1) (1 x 1) (1) 
1.3.3 Anticlockwise movement of air occurs in the Northern Hemisphere (2) The USA is in the Northern Hemisphere (2) The warm sector is on the south side/the cold sector is on the north side of  the fronts (2) 
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 
1.3.4

• • Nimbostratus clouds have a great horizontal extent and therefore more  wide spread rainfall (2)
  • The warm front causes warm air to rise very slowly resulting in rainfall over  a longer period (2)
  • The gradient of the warm front is more gentle therefore rising air forms  nimbostratus clouds (2)
    [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 

1.3.5

• • Heavy rainfall due to cumulonimbus clouds (2)
  • Thunderstorms caused by strong updrafts of warm air (2)
  • Lightening formed due to interaction with different parts of the same cloud  or different clouds(2)
  • The possible formation of hail due to strong updrafts and downdraft  carrying water droplets to areas below freezing point (2) 
    [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)  

1.3.6

• • Air temperatures on the ground will drop (be cold) (2)
  • Air pressure will increase (2)
  • Wind speeds will decrease (2)
  • Humidity will decrease (2)
  • Unstable weather conditions will stop (2)
    [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 

1.4

1.4.1 … urban area (like towns or cities) is warmer than surrounding rural  area (1) (1 x 1) (1)
        [CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)
1.4.2

• • Artificial surfaces e.g.tar surfaces (1)
  • Concrete/Glass/metal buildings (1)
  • Activities in the city such as traffic/use of machinery (1)
  • Use of air conditioners (1)
  • Crowded body heat (1)
  • High building density/less dispersion of heat (1)
  • Tall buildings block air flow (1)
  • Tall buildings trap heat (1)
  • Geometric shape of buildings increases surface area for heating (1)
  • Multiple reflection of heat (1)
  • Lack of vegetation (1)
  • Lack of water bodies in the city (1)
  • Pollution from industry and vehicles (1)
    [ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2) 

1.4.3 NEGATIVE 

• • Causes fatigue/dehydration (2)
  • Heat stress/discomfort (2)
  • Death among the elderly which are more at risk to higher temperatures (2)
  • Costs people more money and uses greater levels of energy to air  condition homes in urban areas (2)
  • Increased costs because of greater water and energy use (2)
  • Lower work productivity (2)
  • More conducive breeding conditions for flies/mosquitoes increasing  occurrence of diseases (2) 

POSITIVE 

• • Less heating required in colder climates (2)
  • Reduced amount of ice and snow (2)
  • Increase in precipitation (2)
    [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 

1.4.4

• • Paint buildings in lighter colours e.g. white which will cause more reflection  (higher albedo) and lower air temperatures (2)
  • Planting roof top gardens will cool temperatures down (2)
  • Eco-friendly (green) buildings (2)
  • More water bodies (lakes, fountains) will decrease air temperatures (2)
  • Land use planning that coincides with prevailing wind directions, to cool  cities (2)
  • Decrease building density (2)
  • Decrease building height (2)
  • Creating more open green spaces/Plant more trees/develop green belts (2) Reduce number of cars entering the city (2)
  • Introduce hybrid/electric cars (2)
  • Promote lift clubs (2)
  • Introduce park-and-ride schemes (2)
  • Decentralisation of commercial/industrial activities (2)
  • Encourage use of public transport and cycling (2)
  • Reduction in air pollution (filters in chimneys) that traps heat in the city (2)
    [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)

1.5

1.5.1 Periodic/Non-perennial/Seasonal (1) (1 x 1) (1) 
1.5.2 The water level in the river changes from one season to another (1) The river does not flow in the dry season, and flows in the rainy season (1)
             [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1) 
1.5.3 The upper layer of the underground water surface (1) 
[CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1) 
1.5.4 (2 x 2) (4) 
1.5.5 PRECIPITATION 

• • In the dry season the amount of precipitation is low resulting in low river  discharge (2)
  • The carrying capacity (volume of water) of the river is low and deposits the  materials (2)
  • In the rainy season the river has greater volume of water and less  deposition takes place (2)
  • The carrying capacity (volume of water) of the river is high and erodes the  river channel (2) 

GRADIENT 

• • A gentle gradient reduces the velocity of a river and its ability to carry the  load (2)
  • A gentle gradient results in more deposition on the river bed (2)
    [ANY FOUR – MUST REFER TO PRECIPITATION AND GRADIENT] (4 x 2) (8) 

1.6

1.6.1 A Turbulent (1) 
         B Laminar (1) (2 x 1) (2)
1.6.2 The middle/lower course (1) (1 x 1) (1) 
1.6.3

• • An uneven river bed (2)
  • Rock outcrops (2)
  • Presence of waterfall and rapids (2)
  • Steeper gradient (2)
    [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

1.6.4

• • The turbulent water is able to erode at a faster rate (2)
  • The river can carry larger particles which increases abrasion (erosion) (2)
  • Greater hydraulic action increases erosion (2)
    [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 

1.6.5

• • In A, the river has larger solid particles that did not change the colour of the  water (water is clear) (2) 
  • In B most of the stream load has dissolved in the water and changes the  colour of water (2)
  • In B stream load is carried in suspension and give the water a darker/grey colour (2)
  • Turbulent flow results in water having a white appearance (2)
    [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 

1.6.6

• • White water rafting (2)
  • Turbulent waters create white water (2)
  • Swirling currents (2) 
  • Skill required to row in this water (2)
  • Possible rapids (2)
  • The appeal of the sound of water (2) 

[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
[75] 

QUESTION 2 
2.1

2.1.1 Warm (1) 
2.1.2 Left (1) 
2.1.3 Westerlies (1) 
2.1.4 High (1) 
2.1.5 Veering (1) 
2.1.6 Stable (1) 
2.1.7 Cumulonimbus (1) 
2.1.8 Storm surge (1) (8 x 1) (8) 

2.2.

2.2.1 A (1) 
2.2.2 C (1) 
2.2.3 D (1) 
2.2.4 B (1) 
2.2.5 E (1) 
2.2.6 C (1) 
2.2.7 A (1) (7 x 1) (7)

2.3

2.3.1 5/Five (1) (1 x 1) (1)
2.3.2 Steered by the tropical easterlies/trade winds (1) (1 x 1) (1)
2.3.3 Hurricanes (1) (1 x 1) (1)
2.3.4

• • Ocean surface temperatures of 26°C 0r higher (2)
  • High humidity/High evaporation rate (2)
  • Little surface friction (2)
  • Light variable winds/wind shear (2)
  • Calm conditions needed for the convergence of air (2)
  • Upper air divergence to create a low pressure on the surface (2)
  • In spiralling clouds lead to the development of the eye (2)
  • Unstable atmospheric conditions for convection (2)
  • Rapid condensation releases latent heat (2)
  • Between latitudes of 5° and 25° N/S – active Coriolis force (2)
    [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 

2.3.5 ERRATIC PATH 

• • Ocean waters are heated and cooled differently and this influences the path  taken by the cyclone(2)
  • Wind direction varies from day to day thus influencing the path taken by the  cyclone (2)
  • Cyclones experience friction over landmasses and lose momentum (2)
  • Combination of wind direction in the tropical cyclone and the direction of the  winds in the wind belt (2) 

PROBLEMS THIS POSES FOR THE DISASTER MANAGEMENT TEAMS

• • Don't know where cyclone will hit next (2)
  • Insufficient time to predict location of storm surges (2)
  • They have insufficient time to evacuate people from high risk areas (2)
  • Don't have sufficient time to gather emergency services (2)
  • Insufficient time to plan for effective evacuation plans in advance (2)
  • Unable to give people advance notice to stock up on emergency  food/water/medical supplies (2)
  • Farmers are not given sufficient time to move livestock to areas of  safety/higher ground (2)
  • Cost implications if areas are evacuated unnecessarily (2) 
    [ANY FOUR – MUST REFER TO ERRATIC PATH AND PROBLEMS]  (4 x 2) (8) 

2.4

2.4.1 B Kalahari High/Continental High (1) (1 x 1) (1) 
2.4.2

• • Lower temperatures over the interior causes the air to subside and create a  high pressure (2)
  • Less heating of land surface decreases convection (2)
    [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 

2.4.3

• • Subsiding/descending air heats up and does not allow for condensation to  take place (2)
  • Subsiding/descending air does not release moisture (2) 
  • It is located over a cold ocean 
    [ANY ONE] (2) (1 x 2) (2)

2.4.4

• • In summer they occupy a southerly position because the sun is over the  Tropic of Capricorn and all pressure systems move south with the apparent  movement of the sun (2)
  • In summer due to the intense heating of the land the high pressure systems  move further out to sea (2) 
  • In winter they occupy a more northerly position as the sun is overhead the  Tropic of Cancer and all pressure systems move north with the apparent  movement of the sun (2) 
  • In winter they are close to the land because the land is cold (2)
    [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 

2.4.5

• • Inversion layer is above the escarpment and allow the moisture to feed over  the interior (2)
  • Allows warm moist air to rise and condense on the windward side of the  escarpment (2) 
  • Intense low pressure over the land in summer leads to the convergence of  air (2) 
  • Moist air from the South Indian High feeds into this low pressure over the  land (2)
  • Increased evaporation due to higher temperatures over the Indian in  summer and this moisture feeds into the land (2)
  • South Indian High is away from the coastline and the onshore winds have a  greater fetch resulting in more moisture over the land (2) 
    [ANY THREE] (3 x 2) (6)  

2.5

2.5.1 When a river is re-energised/increases its erosive abilities (1)
         [CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1) 
2.5.2

• • A change in base level through tectonic uplift (2)
  • A lowering in sea level (2)
  • A larger volume of water in the river through a sustained/permanent  increased rainfall (2)
  • River capture (2)
  • A rapidly flowing tributary flowing into the main stream (2)
    [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 

2.5.3

• • Shows the new point of downward erosion (2)
  • Shows the point where rejuvenation occurs (2)
  • Shows where the previous/old base level of erosion was (2)
    [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 

2.5.4

• • The river will become ungraded due to renewed downward erosion (2)
  • Restarts the grading process due to renewed erosion (2) 
    [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 

2.5.5

• • Old flood plains form new terraces as a result of downward erosion (2)
  • Downward erosion causes valleys within valleys (2)
  • Meanders became incised (entrenched meanders) due to down cutting (downward erosion) (2)
  • A knickpoint waterfall can form due to a drop in sea level or tectonic  uplift (2)
    [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)

2.6

2.6.1 A catchment area is the entire drainage basin of a river from where it  receives water (1) 
         [CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1) 
2.6.2 65% of South Africa receives less than 500 mm average annual rainfall (2)  (1 x 2) (2) 
2.6.3

• • Removal of natural vegetation (2)
  • Desertification (2)
  • Monoculture/Poor farming techniques (2)
  • Over-utilisation of water (2)
  • Livestock farming in catchment areas destroys the vegetation (2)
  • Veld fires (destroy vegetation which increases erosion) (2)
  • Removal of water from upper reaches for the purposes of water transfer (2)
  • Location of industries on river banks (2)
  • Mining activities impact on groundwater (2)
    [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 

2.6.4

• • Wetlands must be conserved and restored (2)
  • Legislation is necessary to control what is discharged into the rivers (2)
  • Fines for dumping into and littering of rivers (2)
  • Clearing of vegetation and planting of alien trees must be controlled (2)
  • Construction and settlement on the floodplain must be avoided (2)
  • Afforestation to reduce run-off and erosion (2)
  • Constant testing to monitor the state of the river (2)
  • Buffering of rivers (2)
  • Conserve natural vegetation along rivers (2)
  • Awareness campaigns (2)
    [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 

2.6.5

Related Items

• • Water shortages (2)
  • Polluted water Increases exposure to health hazards (2)
  • Price of water will increase (2)
  • Production costs will increase (2)
  • Food production will decrease/Low agricultural yield (2)
  • Food prices will increase (2)
  • Less area to grow crops (2)
  • Reduced quality of water due to increased pollution (2)
  • Decreases biodiversity (2)
  • Increases risk of flooding (2)
  • Negative impact on rivers for recreation/tourism (2)
    [ANY THREE] (3 x 2) (6)

[75]

SECTION B 
QUESTION 3 
3.1

3.1.1 Rural (1) 
3.1.2 Urban (1) 
3.1.3 Urban (1) 
3.1.4 Rural (1) 
3.1.5 Rural (1)  
3.1.6 Urban (1) 
3.1.7 Rural (1) 
3.1.8 Urban (1) (8 x 1) (8) 

3.2

3.2.1 Market orientated (1) 
3.2.2 Ubiquitous (1) 
3.2.3 Footloose (1) 
3.2.4 Raw material-orientated/heavy (1) 
3.2.5 Heavy (1) 
3.2.6 Bridge (1) 
3.2.7 Light (1) (7 x 1) (7)

3.3

3.3.1 Dispersed/isolated (1) (1 x 1) (1) 
3.3.2 No other settlement visible nearby (2) 
         Far from neighbouring settlements/No neighbouring settlements in sight (2)
         [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 
3.3.3

• • The large size of the farm (2)
  • Shows many fields (2)
  • Large dam (2)
  • Shows many buildings used for different functions on the farm stead (2) 
  • Private landownership (2)
    [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 

3.3.4

• • Great distance from other farmers (2)
  • Isolated and can become easy targets (2)
    [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 

3.3.5

• • Flat land suitable for cultivation (2)
  • Flat land would enable the use of machinery for commercial farming (2)
  • Availability of water from the dam (2)
  • Intensive farming of the land indicates that the soil is fertile (2)
  • Access to road to transport products from the farm (2)
  • Large space available for farming (2)
    [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8) 

3.4

3.4.1 It is the process of compensating people who lost their land due to forced  removals (1)  
[CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)
3.4.2 75 400 land claims (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.4.3 KwaZulu-Natal (1) (1 x 1) (1) 
3.4.4

• • The total amount awarded is greater than the land costs (2)
  • The land cost is less than the total amount awarded (2)
  • [The relationship must be mentioned]
    [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 

3.4.5

• • Land owners wanted a higher price above market value (2)
  • Land had been developed and therefore demanded a higher price (2)
  • In order to ensure land restitution is successful, government had to pay a  higher price (2)
  • Bribery and corruption (2)
    [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 

3.4.6

• • To redress the injustices of Apartheid (2)
  • To reduce poverty in rural areas (2)
  • To promote growth and economic development (2)
  • For the reconciliation and stability of the country (2)
    [ANY THREE] (3 x 2) (6) 

3.5

3.5.1

• • Informal traders don't have a permanent structure to sell their goods or  provide their services from (1)
  • Informal traders are located on street corners or pavements (1) (2 x 1) (2) 

3.5.2

• • It is not quantifiable/cannot be measured/do not declare income (2)
  • No legal registration of the informal business exists (2)
  • Panellists are not completely sure of the exact contribution to GDP that the  informal sector makes to the economy (2)
  • Due to the high employment rate many people are involved in the informal  sector (2)
    [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 

3.5.3

• • Lack of funding (2)
  • Lack of education or business development programme (2)
  • Lack of infrastructure (2)
  • Lack of property or rentable property (2)
    [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 

3.5.4 ADVANTAGES 

• • More people can work and earn a living (2)
  • Lower unemployment rate (2)
  • Can become semi-skilled (2)
  • Alleviates poverty (2)
  • Fewer people will depend on social grants (2)
  • Reduces crime as people have income (2)
  • Means for people to escape poverty (2)
  • Contributes to the economy in other sectors (2)
  • Competition reduces prices in formal sector (2)
  • Acts as tourist attractions to see craftsmen at work (2)

DISADVANTAGES 

• • Lowers income of formal businesses (2)
  • Associated with knock-off and counterfeit goods which impact on legal  business (2)
  • Associated with illegal importation of goods (2)
  • Little/No contribution to the GDP (2)
  • No contribution to tax or receiver of revenue (2)
  • Money spent on keeping the area clean (2)
  • Blocks entrances to formal businesses (2)
  • Dirty environment creates health hazard (2)
    [ANY FOUR – MUST REFER TO ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES]   . (4 x 2) (8) 

3.6

3.6.1

• • When people live in fear of hunger and starvation (1) 
  • When people do not have access to enough nutritious food (1) 
    [ANY ONE] 
    [CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1) 

3.6.2

• • 'The majority of these people live in developing countries' (1)
  • '75% of the world's hungry live in rural areas' (1)
  • The majority of rural people live in countries on the African and Asian  continents (1) 
    [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1) 

3.6.3

• • 50% of the small scale farmers grow subsistence crops (2)
  • The small scale farmers rely on family labour (2)
    [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 

3.6.4

• • Subsistence farmers only grow enough food for their own needs (2)
  • Vulnerable to hunger and starvation with no surplus in times of drought (2)
  • Subsistence farmers have extended families (2)
  • They create a large burden on themselves with more family members to  feed or care for (2)
  • Subsistence farmers do not have access to capital (2)
  • No access to modern machinery to increase production (2)
  • Out-dated farming methods (2)
  • No subsidy from the government (2)
  • No exposure to recent farming research (2)
    [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 

3.6.5

• • Consolidation of smaller farms (2)
  • Roof top farming in urban areas (2)
  • Planting of drought resistant crops (2)
  • Planting surplus in good seasons (2)
  • Providing funding to small-scale farmers (2)
  • Empowering subsistence farmers on scientific method of farming (2)
  • Genetically Modified Foods that are more resistant to climate change can  be grown to feed a larger world population (2)
  • Governments can encourage family planning so that the world population  grows at a lesser rate; less people to feed in the future (2)
  • Encourage people to grow food in their own gardens (2)
  • Combat poverty to enable people to buy food (2)
  • Create job opportunities to earn money to buy food (2) 
    [ANY THREE] (3 x 2) (6)

[75]

QUESTION 4 
4.1

4.1.1 E/urban growth (1) 
4.1.2 C/rural-urban fringe (1) 
4.1.3 F/urban blight (1) 
4.1.4 B/urban sprawl (1) 
4.1.5 A/urban morphology (1) 
4.1.6 H/urban hierarchy (1) 
4.1.7 G/urban expansion (1) (7 x 1) (7) 

4.2

4.2.1 D/quaternary (1) 
4.2.2 B/tertiary (1) 
4.2.3 C/export market (1) 
4.2.4 C/gross Domestic Product (1) 
4.2.5 A/PWV/Gauteng (1) 
4.2.6 D/industrial centralisation (1) 
4.2.7 B/secondary activities (1) 
4.2.8 D/Port Elizabeth-Uitenhage (1) (8 x 1) (8) 

4.3

4.3.1 The movement of people from rural to urban areas (1) 
[CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1) 
4.3.2

• • Employment opportunities (2)
  • Better salaries (2)
  • Improved housing conditions (2)
  • Improved educational/medical facilities (2)
  • Better service delivery (2)
  • Improved living standards (2)
    [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 

4.3.3

• • Forced to seek employment in the informal sector with lower wages (2)
  • Failure to find employment (2)
  • Inadequate skills to qualify for formal employment in the formal sector (2)
  • Lack of housing provision (2)
  • Seek refuge in informal settlements to reduce costs of living which results in  poorer living conditions (2)
  • Cost of living in the urban areas are high (2)
  • Expected service delivery not met as it is strained/overburdened (2)
  • When coming to cities people are exposed to social ills (2)
    [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 

4.3.4

• • Lack of housing leads to the growth of informal settlements (2)
  • High levels of unemployment (2) 
  • Increased in levels of crime/social ills due to unskilled people who cannot  find jobs (2)
  • Insufficient services such as water, electricity (2)
  • Unhygienic conditions prevail as waste removal in the city is under strain (2) 
  • Traffic congestion (2)
  • Pollution increases (2)
  • Overcrowding and lack of shelter leads to the rapid spread of diseases such  as tuberculosis (2)
    [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)

4.4

4.4.1 View of the city from the side/shows high buildings in the centre and lower  buildings on the outskirts/shows the skyline (1) (1 x 1) (1) 
4.4.2 High land values and rentals (2)  
         Competition to locate businesses in the most accessible part of the city (2) Intensive/maximum use of the land in the CBD (2) 
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 
4.4.3 Buildings are old and dilapidated as the landlords do not maintain them (2) It is the future expansion area for the CBD , thus landlords do not maintain  the buildings (2) 
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 
4.4.4

• • High land values (2)
  • High rentals (2)
  • Traffic congestion (inaccessible) discourages people from coming to the  CBD (2)
  • High levels of crime that make the CBD unsafe (2)
  • Lack of parking facilities creates inconvenience (2)
  • High pollution levels due to industrial activities and vehicles (2)
  • Unkept and unhygienic streets (2)
  • Lack of space for expansion (2)
    [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 

4.4.5

• • The status can be lowered if (2)
  • The CBD is no longer accessible (2)
  • Buildings are abandoned (2)
  • Businesses are occupied by foreigners (2)
  • The CBD is dominated by low quality/inferior goods (2)
  • Buildings are dilapidated and not maintained (2)
  • Illegal occupation of vacant buildings (2)
  • City no longer attractive/looses aesthetic appeal (2)
    OR 
  • The status can be increased if (2)
  • The CBD becomes less overcrowded (2)
  • Less motor vehicles in the CBD (2)
  • Safer for pedestrians in the CBD (2)
  • Reduced pollution in the CBD (2)
  • CBD becomes more attractive for investors (2)
    [ONE FOR STATUS AND TWO FOR REASONS] (3 x 2) (6) 

4.5

4.5.1 'as it struggles to recover from 23 000 job losses since April and falling  commodity prices from key markets like China' (1) (1 x 1) (1) 
4.5.2 7% (1) (1 x 1) (1) 
4.5.3 Primary, Secondary and Tertiary (2)  
        [MUST INDICATE ALL THREE SECTORS – NOT EXAMPLES FROM  TEXT] (1 x 2) (2)
4.5.4

• • It leads to less demand for metals, therefore production will decrease (2)
  • Income from exports would decrease (2)
  • It would affect the trade balance of the country negatively (2)
  • It would have a negative impact on the GDP of the country (2)
  • The company would make less profit (2)
  • Lowering of profits would result in job cuts (2)
    [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 

4.5.5

• • Labour unrest makes mines unprofitable and forces them to close (2)
  • The load shedding causes loss of revenue and income as activities cease  for hours which means mines and metal companies are less productive (2)
  • Poor mine safety leads to loss of skilled mine workers (2)
  • HIV and Aids resulted in many skilled workers dying due to this pandemic (2)
  • Mines are far away from harbours thus increasing the price of exported  minerals making them uncompetitive against low foreign prices (2)
  • Export of unprocessed minerals decreases gross profits and reduces their  sustainability (2)
  • Minerals are non-renewable making it difficult to plan for the future (2)
  • Geothermal gradients force the mining sector to spend more money on air  conditioning as it very hot underground(2)
  • Poor state of railways means that metals cannot be transported easily and  more cheaply to the ports (2)
  • Possible nationalisation discourages investment (2)
  • Dependence on foreign markets (2)
  • Income is dependent on exchange rates (2)
  • The increasing cost of water and water shortages (2)
  • Fluctuating market prices (2)
  • Faster growth rates in other sectors of the economy such as manufacturing  and finance (2)
  • Environmental factors such rehabilitation increase production costs (2)
  • Foreign investors are concerned about labour regulations (2)
  • Laws of a fixed minimum wage add to production costs (2)
    [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8) 

4.6

4.6.1 Promotes growth in those parts of South Africa that are underdeveloped but  where there is a potential for growth (1) 
[CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)
4.6.2 Mozambique
        (1) (1 x 1) (1) 
4.6.3

• • To provide access between the coastal markets found from East London  towards Durban (2)
  • To provide jobs because of the poverty in this area (2)
  • Scenic beauty for ecotourism development (2)
  • Resources in this part of the country are bountiful and forms the basis for  industrial development (2)
    [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

4.6.4

• • Construction of transport roads would make the area more accessible (2)
  • Better roads will mean greater safety for tourists when travelling (2)
  • Travel to remote destinations become possible (2)
  • Greater variety of curios from local communities (2)
  • Greater exposure to different cultures and traditions (2)
  • Access to the Kruger National Park is vastly improved (2)
  • Emerging rural tourism opportunities (2)
  • Ecotourism will encourage the development of new game lodges, and  camping facilities (2)
  • Development of cultural tourism (2)
  • Gaming tourism will increase due to the development of new casinos in  each major town (2)
  • Ownership of newly developed enterprises along these routes stabilises  tourism and promotes growth and educational opportunities in the tourism  sector (2)
    [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 

4.6.5

• • Generates economic growth where local communities are able to sell their  wares (2)
  • Generates employment opportunities in local communities (2)
  • Promotes skills development to the community members (2)
  • Enables the growth of SMME (Small and Medium Micro Enterprises) (2)
  • Upgrades local infrastructure (2)
  • Encourages tourism, training of guides and selling of crafts (2)
  • Greater income for local communities (2)
  • Better standard of living (2)
  • Money generated is used to develop community projects (2)
  • Develop ethnic/cultural pride (2)
    [ANY THREE] (3 x 2) (6)

[75] 
GRAND TOTAL: 225