MARKING GUIDELINES

SECTION A
QUESTION 1: RURAL AND URBAN SETTLEMENTS
1.1
1.1.1 C (1)
1.1.2 A (1)
1.1.3 D (1)
1.1.4 C (1)
1.1.5 B (1)
1.1.6 A (1)
1.1.7 B (1)
1.1.8 C (1) (8 x 1) (8)

1.2 
1.2.1 Isolated farmstead (1)
1.2.2 Conurbation (1)
1.2.3 Hamlet (1)
1.2.4 Metropolis (1)
1.2.5 City (1)
1.2.6 Town (1)
1.2.7 Megalopolis (1) (7 x 1) (7)

1.3
1.3.1 STATE IN AN ENVIRONMENT FACTOR

• Natural hazards(disasters)/droughts/floods/veld fires (1)
• Soil erosion/infertile soil/land degradation/desertification (1)
• Erratic weather patterns/unreliable rainfall (1)
• Crop and livestock diseases/parasites and pests (1)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)

1.3.2 HOW DOES RURAL MIGRATION RESULT IN RURAL DEPOP?

• It decreases the number of people in the rural areas (2)
• People leaving the rural areas increases rural depopulation (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

1.3.3 NEGATIVE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION ON SETT A

• Fewer customers (2)
• Decrease in spending power (2)
• Businesses close down/ Ghost towns (2)
• Reduction of working hours (2)
• Fewer job opportunities (2)
• Less money for provision/maintenance of services (accept examples) (2)
• Decrease in investment (2)
• Decreased labour supply (2)
• Leads to a decline in production (2)
• Decrease in value of property (2)
• Shortage of skills (2)
• Farmland left unattended/ uneconomical (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

1.3.4 PARAGRAPH
EXPLAIN WHY RURAL MIGRANTS EXPERIENCE DIFFICULTY IN FINDING EMPLOYMENT AND IMPACT THEREOF

• They do not have the necessary documentation required to be registered as an employee therefore cannot afford basic services (can give examples) (2)
• They are not qualified/Do not have the skills required for the jobs available in urban areas which results in an increase in poverty levels (2)
• Limited employment opportunities available in urban area and as such are forced to live in informal settlements (2)
• Rural migrants do not have money for transportation to look for jobs and will not be able to buy basic foods (2)
• Lack of education (lack of schooling) results in limited access to health services (2)
• Lack of experience which results in an increase in poverty levels (2)
  [ANY FOUR. CANDIDATES MUST REFER TO BOTH DIFFICULTY IN FINDING EMPLOYMENT AND HOW IT IMPACTS ON THE QUALITY OF LIFE]
  (4 x 2) (8)

1.4
1.4.1 CBD (Central Business District) (1) (1 x 1) (1)
1.4.2 HOW WOULD DECREASING ACCESSIBILITY NEGATIVE IMPACT COMMUTERS?

• Traffic delays/traffic congestion (2)
• Time wasted/ not on time (2)
• Loss of jobs/loss of income (2) Increase in stress levels/ road rage (2)
• High fuel costs/ increase cost of transport/ increase cost of parking (2)
• Lack of parking/commuters walk to work (2)
• Increase in accidents (2)
• More fines due to not obeying the traffic rules (2)
• High vehicle maintenance costs (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

1.4.3 GIVE TWO REASONS FOR IRREGULAR SHAPE OF B

• CBD/A is expanding into the transition zone in some areas/invasion and succession (2)
• Irregular expansion of the residential zone into the transition zone (2)
• CBD/A is irregular in shape (2)
• The residential area is irregular in shape (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

1.4.4 WHY ARE BUILDINGS IN A DILAPIDATED STATE?

• Buildings abandoned (2)
• No maintenance/landlords/tenants neglect buildings (2)
• Low rentals result in limited capital to maintain buildings (2)
• Buildings are vandalised/graffiti on walls (2)
• Homeless people move into abandoned buildings (2)
• Low owner occupancy (2)
• Illegal occupation of buildings (2)
• Changing functions of buildings (2)
• Lack of service delivery by municipalities (2)
• Social ills commonly occur (2)
• Overcrowding in rental units (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

1.4.5 WHY WILL NEW HIGH-INCOME DEV BE ATTRACTED TO C?

• Open space (2)
• Presence of greenbelt/ aesthetic appeal (2)
• Peace and tranquility (2)
• Accessibility to A /existing infrastructure (2)
• Less pollution (2)
• Cheaper land (2)
• More security/less crime (2)
• Less traffic congestion (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

1.5
1.5.1 5 million (1) (1 x 1) (1)
1.5.2 STATE TWO ADVANTAGE OF BACKYARD SHACKS

• Access to electricity (1)
• Access to flush toilets (1)
• Low occupancy/ one person only (1)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2)

1.5.3 WHY DO PEOPLE CHOOSE INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS OVER BACKYARDS?

• Cheaper to live in informal settlements/ Lower rental cost (2)
• Less restrictions in the informal settlements (2)
• Access to illegal connections (2)
• Easier to get on low cost housing lists (2)
• Access to more informal economic activities (2)
• Potential to extend your shack (2)
  [ANY ONE- MAY ANSWER FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE BACKYARD SHACK] (1 x 2) (2)

1.5.4 BUILDING MATERIALS
VULNERABILITY TO WEATHER
CONDITIONS

• Poor quality building materials provide limited protection (accept examples) (2)
  (1 x 2) (2)

1.5.5 IDENTIFY AND EXPLAIN ONE SOCIAL ISSUE THAT DEVELOPS WITH THE GROWTH OF INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS

• Limited access to basic services (accept examples) (2) due to greater demand (2)
• Increase in health problems (accept examples) (2) due to high levels of pollution (2)/due to overcrowding (2)
• Limited access to education/health services (2) due to a large concentration of people (2)
• Increase in crime (2) due to increased levels of unemployment (2)
• Decrease in aesthetic appeal (2) due to lack of planning/conditions of informal settlements (2)
• Increased food insecurity (2) due lack of income (2)
• Overcrowding (2) due to lack of space for settlement/planning (2)
• Increase in poverty (2) due to high rate of unemployment (2)
• Children not in school (2) due to lack of schools/poor parenting (2)
• Drug/alcohol abuse (2) due to despair or gang’s influence (2)
• Violence on people (2) due to areas not being lit up at night (2)
• Social ills (2) due to lack of income or jobs (2)
  [ANY ONE] (2 + 2) (4)

1.5.6 HOW CAN MUNICIPALITIE REDUCE CHALLENGE OF GROWTH OF INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS

• Provide access to basic services (accept examples) (2)
• Legal ownership of the land (2)
• Self-help schemes involving communities / Provide building material (2)
• Employment opportunities/ informal sector jobs (2)
• Upskilling of people (2)
• Build houses on available land relocating people to these areas (2)
• Emergency facilities provided (accept examples) (2)
• Monitoring and policing to improve safety and security (2)
• Proper planning /Rezoning (2)
• Improve infrastructure (accept examples) (2)
• Community consultation/advisory committees to agree on policies (2)
• Provision of recreational facilities (accept examples) (2)
• Awareness programmes (accept examples) (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
  [60]

QUESTION 2: ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH AFRICA
2.1 
2.1.1 A (1)
2.1.2 A (1)
2.1.3 B (1)
2.1.4 B (1)
2.1.5 A (1)
2.1.6 B (1)
2.1.7 B (1) (7 x 1) (7)

2.2
2.2.1 A (1)
2.2.2 C (1)
2.2.3 B (1)
2.2.4 D (1)
2.2.5 B (1)
2.2.6 C (1)
2.2.7 C (1)
2.2.8 B (1) (8 x 1) (8)

2.3.3 HOW DOES LOCATION OF COAL MINES INCREASE EXPORT COSTS

• Coal mines are located inland/far from the harbour (2)
• High transport costs due to greater distances to harbour (for export) (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

2.3.4 QUOTE REASONS FOR A BLEAK FUTURE FOR COAL MINES

• 'Decline in investments' (2)
• 'Disinvestment' (2)
• 'Giant coal mining companies have sold or are in the process of selling their operations' (2)
• 'Environmental lobbying groups' (2)
• 'Moving towards renewable energy' (2)
• 'High transport costs' (2)
• 'Altered customer base' (2)
• 'Hostile funding environment'(2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

2.3.5 EXPLAIN HOW THE DECREASE OF MINING COAL HAS A NEGATIVE ECONOMIC IMPACT ON MPUMALANGA

• (Increased) loss of employment opportunities due to decreased production (2)
• (Increased) loss of revenue due to unemployment (2)
• Less contribution due to a reduction in tax collection (2)
• Reduced foreign exchange due to decreased investments (2)
• Limited development of infrastructure due to decrease in production (2)
• Closure of industries/business linked to coal mining (accept examples) (2)
• Smaller local market for goods due to increased unemployment (2)
• Spending power of workers decreases which results in economic sectors being negatively affected (2)
• Increased cost of electricity due to less coal available for generation of power (2)
• Operational costs of industries will increase (2)
  [ANY THREE- CANDIDATES MUST QUALIFY RESPONSE] (3 x 2) (6)

2.3.
2.3.1 R2 billion (1) (1 x 1) (1)
2.3.2 2016 - 2018 (2) (1 x 2) (2)

2.4
2.4.1 15% (1) (1 x 1) (1)
2.4.2 STATE TWO MODES OF TRANSPORT THAT ATTRACT FOREIGN INVESTORS

• Sea (1)
• Air (1)
• Land (1)
  (Accept examples)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2)

2.4.3 

1. WHY DOES SW CAPE FAVOUR DEVELOPMENT OF LIGHT INDISTRIES?
   • Raw materials (accept examples) are available (2)
   • Large skilled and unskilled labour supply (2)
   • Sufficient water supply (2)
   • Specialised transport/infrastructure (for perishable products) (2)
   • Large market (2)
   • Require less space (2)
   • Electricity is available (2)
   • Suitable climate to grow a variety of crops (2)
     [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
2. GIVE TWO FACTORS THAT LIMIT DEV OF HEAVY INDUSTRIES IN SW CAPE
   • Lack of /Distance from mineral raw materials (2)
   • Electricity is more expensive (2)
   • No coal for power resources (2)
   • Higher transport costs (2)
   • Unreliable water supply (2)
   • Transport infrastructure not adequate (2)
   • Limited space for development (2)
     [ ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

2.4.4 EXPLAIN HOW WC SDI INCREASES ACCESS FOR SW CAPE TO INTERNATION MARKETS

• West coast SDI links the South-western Cape core industrial region to Saldanha Bay (harbour) which favours exporting (2)
• The deep water harbour will allow for the international exportation of larger cargo (2)
• N7 to Namibia allows for international export by road (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

2.5
2.5.1 Businesses that are not registered (and do not pay income taxes) (2)
[CONCEPT] (1 x 2) (2)
2.5.2 GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF AN INFORMAL ACTIVITY

• Food (1)
• Flea markets (1)
• Street vendors (1)
• Laundromats (1)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)

2.5.3 WHY IS THE INFORMAL SECTOR CONSIDERED PART OF SHADOW ECONOMY

• 'Prone to be overlooked' (2)
• 'Ill-considered during policy formulation' (2)
• 'Disregarded in business strategies' (2)
• 'Easily associated with corrupt activities' (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

2.5.4 PARAGRAPH
SUGGEST SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES GOV AND BUS COULD IMPLEMENT TO STRENGTHEN INFORMAL SECTOR

• Access to funding from banks (2)
• Provide buildings/more floor space/ infrastructure available (accept examples) (2)
• Upliftment of skills/ learnership/mentorship programmes (2)
• Partnerships between private sector and informal sector (2)
• Provide informal sector with more security (2)
• Provide access to basic services (accept examples) (2)
• Create more hygienic conditions (2)
• Generate more incentives/tenders for informal sector (2)
• Provide financial support/grants (2)
• Provide access to legal aid (2)
• Link them with private business for access to products (2)
• Local Government amend bylaws and policies/permits to regulate the sector (2)
  [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)
  [60]

SECTION B
QUESTION 3: GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES
3.1
3.1.1 B (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.1.2 A (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.1.3 There is no obstruction/ no high lying point between the two points (2) (1 x 2) (2)
3.1.4 38 m (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.1.5 

• Actual Distance = Map distance x Map scale
• Actual Distance = 5.5 (1) cm x 500 m (Range 5.4 – 5.6)
• = 2750 m (1) (Range 2700 – 2800 m) (2 x 1) (2)

3.1.6

• Average gradient = Vertical interval (VI)
• Horizontal equivalent (HE)
• Average Gradient = 38
• 2750
  = 38 2750
• 38 38
  = 1: 72,36 (1) (Range 1:71,05 – 1:73,68) (2 x 1) (2)

3.1.7 Prison (1) (1 x 1) (1)

3.2
3.2.1 B (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.2.2 WHY DOES LOCATION OF SEWERAGE WORKS DECREASE PROPERTY VALUE

• Area will experience unpleasant odours/ air pollution (2)
• Health threat (2)
• It will reduce aesthetic appeal (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

3.2.3

• H- Irregular (1)
• I – Grid/grid iron (accept rectangular) (1) (2 x 1) (2)
  X
  If answers for 3.1.4 and 3.1.5 are incorrect but are substituted correctly in 3.1.6 a mark should be allocated for this.
  (1)

3.2.4 WHY IS STREET PATTERN I NOT POPULAR IN NEW DEVELOPMENTS?

• Too many intersections (2)
• Causes traffic congestion (2)
• Greater possibility of accidents (2)
• Increase time to reach destination (2)
• Delay may lead to frustration/road rage (2)
• Increases cost of fuel (2)
• Hijacking is more common/smash and grab (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

3.2.5 Tertiary (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.2.6 EXPLAIN WHY AREA 6 WAS SUITABLE FOR ECO ACTIVITY AT 6

• Accessible by roads/national route (2)
• Close proximity to residential areas (2)
• Available land makes provision for parking (2)
• Land available for future expansion (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

3.2.7 HOW HAS THE OPEN CAST MINE CREATED AN ENVIRO INJUSTICE

• Results in the removal of natural vegetation (2)
• Exposes the area to increased soil erosion (2)
• Polluting the soil/water by mining processes (2)
• Disrupting the ecosystems/food chains/food webs/natural habitats (2)
• Extinction/displacement of species (2)
• Release of air pollutants from blasting/dust (2)
• Contamination of ground water (2)
• Decreases the aesthetic appearance/scarring of land (2)
• Acid mine drainage results in reduction in biodiversity/ecosystems (2)
• Deforestation leading to soil degradation (2)
• Environmental despoliation (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

3.3
3.3.1 River (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.3.2 

• Perennial water/dam (1)
• Opencast mine (1)
• Cultivated land (1)
• Excavation (1)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)

3.3.3 Remote sensing is obtaining information of the earth from a distance /without touching or making physical contact (2)
[CONCEPT] (1 x 2) (2)

3.3.4 GIVE ONE VISIBLE ATTRIBUTE OF THE OPEN CAST MINE

• Depth (how deep) (2)
• Width (how wide) (2)
• Diameter (2)
• Terraces (2)
• Shape (2)
• Area (size of the mine) (2)
• Type of mine (open cast) (2)
• Geographical coordinates of the mine (2)
• Number of slimes dams (2)
• Address of the mine (other road/ R39) (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

3.3.5 EXPLAIN HOW THE IMAGE IS MORE EFFECTIVE TO ASSESS THE ENVIRO INJUSTICE THAN THE TOPO MAP

• Images taken by remote sensing can be taken regularly to get updated information (2)
• Series of images allow for tracking the impact over a period of time (2)
• Images can be taken by drone technology which is less costly (2)
• Images can be updated more regularly than topographic maps (2)
• It is an actual image of the mine and not map symbols (2)
• Image is clear or has a high resolution (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

[30]
TOTAL: 150