MARKING GUIDELINES

SECTION A
QUESTION 1: CLIMATE AND WEATHER
1.1
1.1.1 B (1)
1.1.2 D (1)
1.1.3 B (1)
1.1.4 C (1)
1.1.5 C (1)
1.1.6 A (1)
1.1.7 D (1)
1.1.8 A (1) (8 x 1) (8)

1.2
1.2.1 terrestrial (1)
1.2.2 night (1)
1.2.3 katabatic (1)
1.2.4 B (1)
1.2.5 frost (1)
1.2.6 thermal belt (accept inversion layer) (1)
1.2.7 night (1) (7 x 1) (7)

1.3
1.3.1 GIVE ONE PIECE OF EVIDENCE FOR S HEM

• Date /January indicates summer (1)
• Mozambique (1)
• Madagascar (1)
• Beira (in Mozambique) (1)
• South-westerly movement (1)
• Clockwise circulation symbol (1)
• Located over the South Indian Ocean (1)
• Mozambique channel (1)
• Tropical Cyclone (Eloise) (1)
• Map of Southern Africa (1)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)

1.3.2 STATE TWO WEATHER CONDITIONS IN THE INFOGRAPHIC

• Heavy rainfall / Rainfall of 250mm in 24 hours (1)
• Wind speeds up to 140-160 km/hr (1)
  (2 x 1) (2)

1.3.3 GIVE ONE REASON FOR DECREASE IN WIND SPEED

• Increased frictional drag (2)
• System moves over land (2)
• Decrease in latent heat (2)
• Decrease in moisture levels (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

1.3.4 ACCOUNT FOR INCREASE IN WIND SPEED

• Movement over the warm Mozambique channel (2)
• Less friction over Warm Mozambique channel/ ocean (2)
• High temperatures/warm ocean results in increased evaporation (2)
• Increased condensation results in the release of latent heat (2)
• Latent heat drives the system and increases the wind speed (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

1.3.5 THREE STRATEGIES TO REDUCE IMPACT
PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

• Early warning systems put in place (2)
• Sandbags to reduce flooding (2)
• Reinforcing existing infrastructure (2)
• Awareness and education programmes (2)
• Evacuation protocols and drills (2)
• Stocking up of emergency supplies and necessities (2)
• Identify high lying areas to evacuate people (2)
• Build above flood lines/ coastal zoning (2)
• Tracking the movement of the tropical cyclone
• Good forecasting/ Use of media to update regularly (2)
• Improve accessibility to evacuate people (2)
• Move people to higher ground (2)
• Development of good rescue and emergency services (2)
• Storage/ provision of clean water and food supplies (2)
• Rescue personnel, police, medical personnel on standby (2)
• Maintain coastal vegetation to act as a buffer against storm surges (2)
• Request National and international aid if necessary (2)
  [ANY THREE- ACCEPT EXAMPLES] (3 x 2) (6)

1.4
1.4.1 IDENTIFY LOW PRESSURE A

• Thermal low (1)
• Accept heat low (1) (1 x 1) (1)

1.4.2 GIVE A REASON FOR THE FORMATION

• High temperatures (2)
• Rising warm air creates low pressure system (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

1.4.3 GIVE EVIDENCE FOR RIDGING

• Elongation of isobars (2)
• Bending of the isobars towards the low-pressure (2)
• Outward extension/bulge of isobars away from the high pressure centre (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

1.4.4 WHY DOES RIDGING RESULT IN ONSHORE WINDS

• Anticlockwise circulation (from the high pressure) (2)
• Ridge extends towards the land (low pressure) (2)
• Elongation of isobars occurs towards the coastline (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

1.4.5 DESCRIBE WEATHER CONDITIONS AT PE

• Results in SSE winds (anti-clockwise circulation from the high pressure) (2)
• Increase in wind speeds/strong /gale force winds (2)
• Precipitation in the form of rainfall (2)
• Possibility of drizzle (2)
• Overcast conditions (increase in cloud cover) (2)
• Increasing humidity (small difference between air temperature and dew point temperature) (2)
• Decrease in air temperature (as air advects onto the land) (2)
  [ANY THREE] (3 x 2) (6)

1.5
1.5.1 NAME TWO PRESSURE SYSTEMS TO SET UP BERG WINDS

• Kalahari High (1)
• Coastal low (1) Accept Mid-latitude cyclone (1)
  (2 x 1) (2)

1.5.2 DETERMINE HIGHEST TEMP

• Accept in the range 43.9°C to 44,1 °C (1) (1 x 1) (1)

1.5.3 WHAT ROLE DID THE ESCARPMENT PLAY IN INCREASING THE TEMP

• The escarpment has a greater vertical height (elevation) (2)
• Greater frictional drag as air moves down the escarpment (increases temperature) (2)
• Air has a greater vertical descent down the escarpment (1200m-0m) and heats up more (2)
• Increased heating (DALR at 1°C/100m) due to vertical distance of the escarpment (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

1.5.4 PARAGRAPH
EXPLAIN THE IMPACT OF BERG WIND ON PHYSICAL ENVIRO

• Plants (Natural vegetation / Pasture) dry out due to the hot dry winds (2)
• Reduction of biodiversity (fauna and flora) within the natural environment (2)
• Declining ecosystems will disrupt food chains and food web networks (2)
• Higher evaporation reduces soil moisture content (2)
• Increased loss of moisture in soil will accelerate soil erosion (2)
• The land is left bare and vulnerable and accelerates soil erosion reducing soil fertility (2)
• Higher levels of carbon dioxide will increase atmospheric pollution (2)
• Water from shallow pools, small non-perennial water bodies can evaporate (2)
• Natural vegetation is destroyed by veld fires (2)
• Loss of habitat/damage to ecosystems due to veldfires (2)
• Increase in carbon dioxide as a result of veldfires impacts negatively on physical environment (2)
• Ash of veldfires act as fertilisers for the development and growth of new vegetation (2)
• Veldfires can promote seed germination (2)
  [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)

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QUESTION 2: GEOMORPHOLOGY
2.1
2.1.1 B (1)
2.1.2 C (1)
2.1.3 D (1)
2.1.4 C (1)
2.1.5 C (1)
2.1.6 D (1)
2.1.7 B (1)
2.1.8 B (1) (8 x 1) (8)

2.2
2.2.1 X (1)
2.2.2 Y (1)
2.2.3 X (1)
2.2.4 Y (1)
2.2.5 X (1)
2.2.6 X (1)
2.2.7 X (1) (7 x 1) (7)

2.3
2.3.1 

• A Trellis (1)
• B Dendritic (1) (2 x 1) (2)

2.3.2 DIFFERENTIATE

• A Alternate layers of hard and soft rock/ folded rock structure (2)
• B Rock that is uniformly resistant to erosion (2) (2 x 2) (4)

2.3.3 WHY ARE TRIBUTARIES OF MAIN STREAM PARALLEL

• The streams flow in relation to the folds of the rock (2)
• The streams flow over softer rock of the syncline (valley) (2)
• Interfluves are parallel (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

2.3.4 3rd (order) (2) (1 x 2) (2)
2.3.5 Higher (1) (1 x 1) (1)
2.3.6 DESCRIBE THE RELATIONSHIP

1. The low rainfall will result in a lower drainage density (2)
2. The steep gradient will result in a higher drainage density (2)
   (2 x 2) (4)

2.4.1 Deposition (1) (1 x 1) (1)
2.4.2 Gentle/ flat/ level (2) (1 x 2) (2)
2.4.3 GIVE TWO REASONS FOR WIDE FLOODPLAIN AT X

• Increased deposition of silt/alluvium/sand on the floodplain (2)
• River is shallow resulting in more deposition (2)
• Many tributaries deposit sediment (2)
• The gentle slope reduces the velocity of the river and the amount of sediment carried (2)
• Regular flooding in the area (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

2.4.4 PARAGRAPH
EXPLAIN PHYSICAL IMACT OF FLOODING ON FLOODPLAIN

• The deposition of silt increases the width of the floodplain (2)
• The deposition of fertile soil materials improves the nature and amount of vegetation available on the floodplain (2)
• Deposition of alluvium increases the quality of the soil (2)
• Levees form on the floodplain as flooding occurs (2)
• Create wetlands which are habitats for living organisms (2)
• Increases soil moisture content that supports vegetation/ improves biodiversity (2)
• Allows floodwaters to spread out and excess water is stored (2)
• Continuous flooding purifies water/increase water quality (2)
• The water table rises resulting in marshes and vlei's/ wetlands on the floodplain (2)
• The waterlogged soils reduce access to parts of the floodplain (2)
• The level of infiltration along the floodplain increases the saturation level of soil (2)
• The biodiversity of the floodplain alters to adapt to the changing conditions (2)
• Continuous flooding or submergence negatively impacts on the natural vegetation/floodplain (2)
  [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)

2.5
2.5.1 DEFINE

• When a more energetic river captures the headwaters of a less energetic river (2)
  [CONCEPT] (1 x 2) (2)

2.5.2 STATE
ONE CONDITION

• A steeper gradient (on the one side of the watershed) (2)
• More rainfall (on one side of the watershed) (2)
• Less resistant/softer rock (on the one side of the watershed) (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

2.5.3 

Marks allocated as follows:

• Accuracy of sketch- any one of two tributaries can be used (1)
• Wind gap (1)
• Elbow of capture (1)
• Misfit stream (1) (1 + 3) (4)

2.5.4 River Y (1) (1 x 1) (1)
2.5.5 River Y has an increased volume of water (2) (1 x 2) (2)
REASON

• Accuracy of sketch
• Misfit stream
• Wind gap
• Elbow of capture

2.5.6 EXPLAIN THE IMPACT OF THE CHANGE IN THE CAPTOR STREAM

• Increased vertical erosion due to the increased volume of water in river Y (2)
• The active erosion of the river cuts into the valley forming terraces (2)
• The softer rock in the valley erodes faster resulting in layers/terraces (2)
• New valleys form in a valley due to increased river discharge (2)
• Terraces form due to recurrent rejuvenation in several valleys (2)
• Meanders will become incised/entrenched (2)
• A knickpoint can develop along the profile of the river (2)
• Increased flooding because of greater volume of water (2)
• Increased velocity of water in the river channel because of greater volume of water (2)
• The captor stream will be able to carry a greater load/less deposition (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
  [60]

SECTION B
QUESTION 3: GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES
3.1
3.1.1 Limpopo (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.1.2 A (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.1.3 C (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.1.4

• Area = Length (L) x Breadth (B)
  Area = [2 cm x 100] x [1.6 (1) cm x 100] [Range: Breadth (1,5 – 1,7 cm]
  = 200 (1) m x 160 (1) m [Range: 150m – 170m]
  = 32 000 m ² (1) [Range: 30 000 m² – 34 000 m²]
  (4 X 1) (4)

3.1.5 WHY FEATURE IS LARGER ON ORTHOPHOTO

• The scale of the orthophoto map is (5 times) larger than the scale of the topographic map (1)
• (Accept) The scale of the topographic map is (5 times) smaller than the scale of the orthophoto map (1)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)

3.1.6 190° (Range: 189 ° - 191°) (1) (1 X 1) (1)
3.1.7 

• MB = TB + MD
  MB = 190° + 17°10'
  = 207°10′ (1) (R '- ')
  (1 x 1) (1)

3.2
3.2.1

1. Winter (1) (1 x 1) (1)
   TYPE OF RIVER
2. Non-perennial rivers (1)
   Accept Periodic (1)
   [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)
   STATE ONE STRATEGY
3. Perennial water (2)
   Accept dams (2)
   Reservoirs (2)
   [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

3.2.2 WIND DIRECTION

• The orientation of the landing strip (2)
• Planes take off and land according to the prevailing wind directions (2) [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

3.2.3 D (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.2.4 B (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.2.5 B (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.2.6 West north west / North west/ (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.2.7 HOW TRIBUTARIES IDENTIFY DIRECTION

• Tributaries join the main river at acute angles (2) (1 x 2) (2)

3.3
3.3.1 Vector (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.3.2 A (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.3.3 GIVE EVIDENCE TO DEMARCATE

• A wall (black line) was used to demarcate the area around the rivers (2)
• No buildings in the demarcated area (2)
• No human activity/ no development (2)
• No cultivation visible (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

3.3.4 IDENTIFY LAYERS

• Rivers (1) Accept Drainage (1)
• Roads (1) Accept Infrastructure (1)
• Buildings (1) Accept Land-use (1)
• Contour lines (1) Accept Relief/Topography (1)
• Rock/soil structure (1) Accept Geology (1)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2)

3.3.5 WHY WAS IT IMPORTANT TO UTILISE THE LAYERS

• To determine the level of drainage/waterlogging (2)
• To assess the possibility of flooding (2)
• To determine the accessibility of the landing strip (2)
• To determine the availability of open spaces (2)
• To determine the nature of the gradient (2)
• To determine the nature of the soil (2)
• To determine the (stability of the) geological structure of the underlying rock (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

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TOTAL: 150