AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES PAPER 1
GRADE 12
NOVEMBER 2020
MEMORANDUM
NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE

SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.1.1 C ✓✓
1.1.2 B✓✓
1.1.3 A✓✓
1.1.4 D✓✓
1.1.5 A ✓✓
1.1.6 C ✓✓
1.1.7 B✓✓
1.1.8 C ✓✓
1.1.9 C/D ✓✓
1.1.10 B ✓✓(10 x 2)
(20)

1.2
1.2.1 Both A and B ✓✓
1.2.2 None✓✓
1.2.3 A only ✓✓
1.2.4 B only ✓✓
1.2.5 Both A and B✓✓ (5 x 2)
(10)

1.3
1.3.1 Digestibility co-efficiency ✓✓
1.3.2 Dosing/drenching ✓✓
1.3.3 Artificial Insemination/AI ✓✓
1.3.4 Sterility ✓✓
1.3.5 Progesterone ✓✓ (5 x 2)
(10)

1.4
1.4.1 Sublingual ✓
1.4.2 Free range ✓
1.4.3 Hypoplasia ✓
1.4.4 Prostate✓
1.4.5 Flushing/harvesting ✓ (5 x 1)
(5)

TOTAL SECTION A: 45

SECTION B
QUESTION 2: ANIMAL NUTRITION
2.1 Alimentary canal
2.1.1 Naming of the animal in
DIAGRAM 1 - Chicken/fowl/poultry ✓(1)
DIAGRAM 2 - Cattle/sheep/goats ✓(1)
2.1.2 Identification of the letters

1. B ✓(1)
2. C✓(1)
3. A ✓(1)

2.1.3 TWO adaptations of the rumen to digest feed rich in fibre

• Presence of micro-organisms/rumen micro-flora ✓
• Presence of papillae/heat rods for the provision of heat ✓
• Contractions mix the food and bring it onto contact with micro-organisms ✓
• It has a large fermentation vessel ✓(Any 2) (2)

2.2 Components of feed
2.2.1 Identification of the components

• Minerals/elements ✓(1)
• Proteins✓ (1)

2.2.2 TWO ways of supplementing minerals to animals

• Mineral lick✓
• Drinking water/mixing it with water✓
• Soil sods✓
• Dosing/drenching ✓
• Injection ✓
• Cafeteria- style mineral provision/free -choice✓
• Supplementing rations ✓ (Any 2)(2)

2.2.3 Indication of the component

1. Proteins/B ✓(1)
2. Carbohydrates ✓ (1)

2.3 Digestibility co-efficiency
2.3.1 Calculation of the digestibility co-efficiency
DC = Dry matter intake (kg) – dry mass manure (kg) x 100 
                             Dry matter intake (kg)                         1
Moisture content in feed: 15 kg x 10 = 1,5 kg
100
Dry material in feed: 15 kg – 1,5 kg = 13,5 kg 
OR
 90  x 15 kg = 13,5 kg 
100
= 13,5 kg – 3,5 kg x 100 
           13,5 kg            1
= 74,07 %  (5)
2.3.2 Implication of the calculated value

• The feed was highly digested ✓
• 74,07% of feed is digested ✓
• 25,93% is excreted ✓ (Any 1) (1)

2.3.3 TWO factors contributed to the digestibility of the feed used during the trial

• Composition of the feed/ration✓
• Preparation of the feed/ration ✓
• Individuality/animal factor ✓
• Type of the animal ✓
• Age of the animal ✓
• Feed additives/supplements NPN/molasses ✓
• Palatability of the feed ✓
• Water intake ✓
• Age of the plant ✓
• Level of feeding ✓ (Any 2) (2)

2.4 Energy value of feeds
2.4.1 Energy important for production and maintenance
Net energy/NE✓ (1)
2.4.2 TWO reasons for knowledge of the energy value of the feed

• To determine the type of animal diet ✓
• To determine feeding standards✓
• Meet animal requirements at different stages of production ✓
• To determine ration formulation✓ (Any 2) (2)

2.5 Nutritive ratio
2.5.1 Calculation of the nutritive ratio (NR)
Nutritive Ratio = 1 : %DNNE 
                                   %DP
1 : 62 
     13
1 : 4,77 
OR
Nutritive Ratio = 1 : %TDN – %DP 
                                       %DP
1 : 75% – 13% 
          13%
1 : 4,77  (3)

2.5.2 Indication of the age group that will benefit most from the feed
Young/growing/producing animal ✓ (1)
2.5.3 TWO reasons for using the feed to feed young animals

• Ration has a narrow nutritive ratio/less than 1:6 ✓
• Has more protein needed by growing animals ✓
• Low crude fibre content ✓ (Any 2) (2)

2.6 Planning and managing of the feed
2.6.1 Appropriate term
Feed/fodder flow programme ✓ (1)
2.6.2 TWO importance of planning fodder production

• To ensure safe use of resources ✓
• To meet the animal feed requirements throughout the year ✓
• To marginalise feed costs ✓
• To manage for production/animal feed ✓ (Any 2) (2)

2.6.3 TWO aspects to be considered when planning fodder production

• The number of livestock ✓
• Nutrient content of the feed ✓
• Possible feeds available ✓
• Requirements of the herd ✓
• Cost of buying the feed ✓
• Timing of production season✓
• Carrying capacity of the veld ✓ (Any 2) (2)

[35]

QUESTION 3: ANIMAL PRODUCTION, PROTECTION AND CONTROL
3.1 Temperature requirements for broiler chickens
3.1.1 Bar graph

CRITERIA/RUBRIC/MARKING GUIDELINES

• Correct heading ✓
• X-axis: Correctly calibrated with label (Age in weeks) ✓
• Y-axis: Correctly calibrated with label (Temperature) ✓
• Correct units (weeks and oC) ✓
• Bar graph ✓
• Accuracy ✓ (6)

3.1.2 Trend of temperature requirement for broiler chickens

• Temperature requirement of broiler chickens decreases with increase in age✓
• The younger the chickens the higher the temperature requirements ✓
• The older the chickens the lower the temperature requirements ✓ (Any 1) (2)

3.1.3 Equipment to maintain temperature in a broiler house
Heaters/air conditioners/fans/infra-red lamps/curtains/insulators ✓ (1)
3.2 Indication of the animals showing the behaviour
3.2.1 Cattle ✓(1)
3.2.2 Sheep✓(1)
3.2.3 Pigs ✓(1)
3.2.4 Chickens/poultry/birds ✓(1)
3.3 Farming systems
3.3.1 Identification of the farming system
PICTURE A - Commercial✓(1)
PICTURE B - Subsistence ✓(1)
3.3.2 Comparison of the farming systems

• Commercial farming system - High environmental pollution due to heavy use of chemicals/release gases like methane ✓(1)
• Subsistence farming system - Low environmental pollution due to low animal density/less use of chemicals ✓(1)

3.4 Parasites
3.4.1 Classification of diseases according to pathogens

• Bacterial ✓(1)
• Viral ✓(1)

3.4.2 Meaning of zoonotic diseases
Diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans ✓ and humans to animals ✓ (2)
3.4.3 Reason for swine flu to be enzootic
Affects specific animals in a particular region ✓ (1)
3.4.4 TWO roles of the state in controlling notifiable diseases

• Implementation of legislation ✓
• Creation of buffer zones for testing and vaccination of clean stock before movement✓
• Establish quarantine zones/isolation ✓
• Research ✓
• Prevent stock movement✓
• Deployment of state veterinarians for testing and vaccination✓
• Removal/culling of infected stock✓
• Public awareness ✓
• Import/export bans✓(Any 2) (2)

3.5 Internal parasites
3.5.1 Identification of the internal parasites

• Parasite A - Round worm/nematodes ✓(1)
• Parasite B - Tape/flat worm/cestodes ✓(1)

3.5.2 TWO visible symptoms in sheep infested with roundworm

• Diarrhoea ✓
• Whitish mucus membranes in the inside of the eyelids ✓
• Anaemia ✓
• Weight loss ✓
• Rough coat ✓
• Loss of appetite✓
• Bottle jaw✓
• Rapid breathing✓
• Coughing✓
• Bloated stomach ✓
• Wasting diseases✓
• Pneumonia✓ (Any 2) (2)

3.5.3 TWO management practices to manage heavy infestation of a flock by internal parasites

• Resting, rotational grazing of camps✓
• Avoid wet grazing areas ✓
• Feed animal well ✓
• Clean drinking water/sanitation ✓
• Veld burning ✓
• Fencing off infected areas ✓
• Use feeders to avoid contamination of food/zero grazing ✓
• Hygienic measures ✓
• Breeding animals that are more resistant ✓
• Good health programme (deworming/dosing) ✓ (Any 2) (2)

3.6 Plant poisoning
3.6.1 Identification of the poison
Maize fungus ✓ (1)
3.6.2 TWO measures to prevent fungus contamination of stored feeds

• Store feeds in a dry cool place/avoid wet areas ✓
• Improved ventilation ✓
• Continuously checking the place for leaks/dampness where feed is stored
• Clean the sheds ✓ (Any 2) (2)

3.6.3 TWO actions to be taken once the presence of maize fungus is detected in feeds

• Remove and dispose of the feed contaminated with fungus ✓
• Clean off the space and give animals fresh feed ✓
• Use fungicides to prevent fungal growth✓ (Any 2) (2)

[35]

QUESTION 4: ANIMAL REPRODUCTION
4.1 Reproductive system of a bull
4.1.1 Identification of parts

1. Testes/scrotum ✓(1)
2. Penis/urethra ✓(1)
3. Vas deferens/seminal tube/ductus deferens/sperm duct✓ (1)

4.1.2 ONE function of testes

• Secretion of hormone testosterone/male sex hormone✓
• Production of sperm cells/male sex cells✓ (Any 1)(1)
  OR
  ONE function of the scrotum
• Protects the testis ✓
• Regulates temperature of the testis ✓ (Any 1) (1)

4.1.3 Role of seminal vesicles

• Secrete fluid that transports the spermatozoa✓
• Protect the semen against pH changes ✓
• Provide energy for sperm cells✓ (Any 1) (1)

4.2 Lack of libido in bulls
4.2.1 Term for the condition
Lack of libido ✓ (1)
4.2.2 THREE causes of lack of libido

• Immaturity/lack of experience✓
• Overwork/exhaustion/over exertion✓
• Malnutrition ✓
• Poor health/diseases/low testosterone✓
• Change in environment ✓
• Stress✓
• Temperament ✓
• Age/senility ✓ (Any 3) (3)

4.3 Process of artificial insemination (AI)
4.3.1 Identification of the hours after oestrus to get the highest pregnancy rate
10 to 13 hours after onset of oestrus ✓ (1)
4.3.2 A reason why the cow would allow insemination between the first hour and 12 hours after the start of oestrus
The cow will be receptive to the bull/it will be on heat/in oestrus✓ (1)
4.3.3 TWO visible signs the cow will show when in oestrus

• Allows mating/insemination✓
• Mucus strings from the vulva ✓
• Swollen and red vulva ✓
• Mounts others✓
• Hair on the back/rump are fluffed up ✓
• Mud patches on her back✓
• Bellowing noises ✓
• Cows are excited/restless ✓
• Frequent urination✓
• Sniffs the genitals of other cows ✓
• Raises their heads and curls her lips ✓
• Decrease in milk production ✓(Any 2) (2)

4.3.4ONE reason to inseminate hours before ovulation

• Ovum has a shorter lifespan than a sperm cell ✓
• Ovum needs to arrive when sperm cells are already waiting for fertilisation ✓ (Any 1) (1)

4.3.5 ONE requirement for a successful insemination

• Use of healthy/viable semen ✓
• Technique performed by a skilled/experienced technician ✓
• Insemination at the correct stage of oestrus✓
• Use the correct sterilised equipment✓ (Any 1) (1)

4.4 Fertilisation
4.4.1 Labels

1. Egg cell/ovum/female gamete ✓(1)
2. Sperm cell/spermatozoon/male gamete ✓(1)
3. Zygote/fertilized egg cell ✓ (1)

4.4.2 Name of the process represented by the illustration
Fertilisation ✓ (1)
4.5 Pregnancy
4.5.1 Identification of the process
Pregnancy/gestation ✓ (1)
4.5.2 THREE stages of the process

• Ovum/stage of ovum ✓(1)
• Embryo/embryonic stage/stage of embryo ✓(1)
• Foetal/stage of foetus✓ (1)

4.5.3 Indication of the normal presentation of the calf
Anterior ✓ (1)
4.6 Parturition
4.6.1 The condition experienced by heifers calving for the first time
Dystocia ✓ (1)
4.6.2 TWO signs of an animal experiencing birth problems

• Show signs of prolonged distress/excessive pain and discomfort ✓
• Foetus/after birth showing in birth canal without expulsion ✓
• Prolonged birth process ✓
• Exhaustion ✓ (Any 2) (2)

4.6.3 ONE cause of problems during birth in heifers

• Large foetus/small sized heifer ✓
• Small pelvic area✓
• Inexperience ✓
• Incorrect presentation✓
• Malformed foetus ✓
• Cervix not dilated ✓
• Twisted uterus ✓
• Weak labour ✓
• Diseases ✓
• Twinning/multiple birth ✓
• Hydrocephalus ✓
• Weak muscle contraction ✓
• Prolong gestation✓
• Vaginal tear✓ (Any 1) (1)

4.6.4 Hormone that initiates milk release
Oxytocin ✓ (1)
4.6.5 First milk produced in the first 3 days after calving
Colostrum/beestings ✓ (1)
4.7 Embryo transfer
4.7.1 Process in the scenario
Embryo transfer/ER ✓ (1)
4.7.2 Main importance of embryo transfer
Creation of multiple offspring ✓ with the desirable characteristics of superior parents ✓ (2)
4.7.3 Explanation of a donor cow
Production of superior ova ✓ for implantation to inferior cows ✓ (2)
[35]
TOTAL SECTION B: 105
GRAND TOTAL: 150