MEMORANDUM

SECTION A:
RURAL AND URBAN SETTLEMENTS AND ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH AFRICA
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.1.1 B (1)
1.1.2 C (1)
1.1.3 D (1)
1.1.4 A (1)
1.1.5 C (1)
1.1.6 A (1)
1.1.7 C (1)
1.1.8 C (1) (8 x 1) (8)
1.2
1.2.1 City (1)
1.2.2 Town (1)
1.2.3 Village (1)
1.2.4 Town (1)
1.2.5 Town (1)
1.2.6 City (1)
1.2.7 City (1) (7 x 1) (7)
1.3
1.3.1 People, especially the young, leave for more opportunities in rural areas (1) (1 x 1) (1)
1.3.2

• Poor quality of housing (1)
• Lack of basic services e.g. water, electricity (1)
• Increase living costs because goods and services are more expensive (1)
  [ANY TWO]  (2 x 1)  (2)

1.3.3

• There are only elderly people left behind in the rural areas who are vulnerable to crime (2)
• Family units are broken down as parents leave their young children behind (2)
• The elderly has to take the responsibility of rearing young children (2)
• It is mostly young men who leave, and that results in an imbalance of the gender structure (2)
• There is a brain drain as the young adults who are educated and have leadership skills, leave the rural areas (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2)  (4)

1.3.4

• Rural economies contribute to the GDP of a country (2)
• They create employment which results in the multiplier effect (2)
• Rural economies are based on primary economic activities that provide raw materials for secondary industries (2)
• The production of most food is based on agricultural economies of rural areas
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

1.3.5

• It would increase the number of small scale and large-scale farmers thus increasing production (2)
• More income could be earned on local and foreign markets by selling the extra produce (2)
• More skilled and unskilled jobs would be created enabling a multiplier effect (2)
• It would counteract rural-urban migration, thus preventing a cycle of economic decline (2)
• It would alleviate poverty and expand the pool of labour in rural areas (2)
• It would expand the economy by making it more inclusive of other race groups (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2)   (4)

1.4
1.4.1 An area in an urban settlement that has one dominant function (1)
[CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)
1.4.2

• Tall buildings (1)
• High density of buildings (1) Grid iron street pattern (1)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2)  (2)

1.4.3

• Functional convenience/high degree of accessibility for consumers/customers (2)
• Functional prestige /land values would be high to promote certain commercial activities and discourage other functions (2)
• Functional magnetism/certain commercial functions attract and benefit from each other (accept examples) (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

1.4.4

• Land in the CBD begins to lose value as demand decreases (2)
• The CBD becomes a haven for immigrants to operate illegal businesses and activities as space to rent becomes available (2)
• The CBD will have an increase in different criminal activities as because of illegal businesses (2)
• Urban decay sets in as buildings become dilapidated and left vacant (2)
• Informal trading increases as authorities lose control or are subjected to bribes (2)
• There is an increase in noise and land pollution as the CBD loses its prestige (2)
• The CBD loses its aesthetic appeal and discourages tourists from entering this land-use zone (2)
• Less formal employment opportunities become available as businesses relocate (2)
• The CBD loses revenue/income as consumers are discouraged from entering the CBD (2)
• The CBD becomes multi-functional (e.g. residential) as landlords seek other ways of generating income (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2)  (4)

1.4.5

• Urban renewal projects that improve the physical environment by renovating buildings (2)
• Encourage a variety of entertainment facilities (e.g. restaurants) to attract tourists (2)
• Greater policing and surveillance to make the CBD’s a safe place (2)
• Reduction in cost of services/more effective service delivery (2)
• Safer more modern public transport system to make shopping convenient and accessible (2)
• More parks/open spaces to make the CBD more aesthetically pleasing (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2)  (4)

1.5
1.5.1 211 (1) ( 1 x 1) (1)
1.5.2

• Housing (formal) (1)
• Power/electricity (1) (2 x 1) (2)

1.5.3

• Municipalities do not have the budgets to plan for rapid urbanisation (2)
• Corruption among municipal employees has affected service provision / service delivery protests (2)
• Nepotism among officials has led to a shortage of skilled officials/personnel in key positions (2)
• Municipalities persistently struggle with water shortages and electricity blackouts (2)
• Financial viability problems (2)
• Poor planning, monitoring and evaluating problems (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2)  (4)

1.5.4

• It would lead to protest action that could result in damage to property (2)
• Protest action would affect businesses, as employees would not be able to report to work on time (2)
• Companies would lose production hours and hence profits would decrease (2)
• It would create tension between local authorities and communities and encourage crime (2)
• Criminal activity would affect formal businesses and discourage local investment in the area (2)
• Overseas investors would lose confidence in the area and take investments elsewhere (2)
• There would be retrenchments and more unemployment in the city (2)
• Tourists would be reluctant to visit the city and cause job losses in the hospitality industry (2)
  [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2)  (8)

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QUESTION 2
2.1
2.1.1 C (1)
2.1.2 C (1)
2.1.3 B (1)
2.1.4 D (1)
2.1.5 B (1)
2.1.6 C (1)
2.1.7 A (1) (7 x 1) (7)
2.2
2.2.1 Secondary (1)
2.2.2 Quaternary (1)
2.2.3 Secondary (1)
2.2.4 Primary (1)
2.2.5 Tertiary (1)
2.2.6 Tertiary (1)
2.2.7 Quaternary (1)
2.2.8 Primary (1) (8 x 1) (8)
2.3
2.3.1 Mpumalanga (1) (1 x 1) (1)
2.3.2 Eskom (1) (1 x 1) (1)
2.3.3 “... arrays of solar panels line the main access road” (1) (1 x 1) (1)
2.3.4

• Coal deposits are close to the surface (1)
• It is cheaper to practice open pit mining (1)
• There are large amounts of good quality coal (1)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 1)  (2)

2.3.5 Power is transmitted over a short distance that makes electricity cheaper for industries (2) (1 x 2) (2)
2.3.6 NEGATIVE

• HIV/Aids has resulted in many skilled and unskilled workers being lost to the mines (2)
• HIV/Aids decreases production as workers frequently stay away or are too sick to work (2)
• Strike action for better wages and benefits (accept examples) have made mines unprofitable and forced to shut down (2)
• Faction fighting among miners of different nationalities causes absenteeism and production to stop (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2)   (4)

2.3.7

• Embracing renewable sources of energy would result in mass job losses in the coal mining industry (2)
• This would affect employment in other sectors (secondary/tertiary) of the economy (2)
• Disinvestment in coal mines by foreign owners would reduce the income generated by taxes (2)
• South Africa would lose income earned by foreign exchange as production in mines decreases (2)
• Costly infrastructure purposely built for processing (power stations) and exporting (Richards Bay terminal) would be rendered obsolete (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2)   (4)

2.4
2.4.1

• Creating jobs (1)
• Promoting exports (1)
  [ANY ONE]  (1 x 1) (1)

2.4.2

• Natural harbour (1)
• Flat land (1)
  [ANY ONE]   (1 x 1)  (1)

2.4.3

• Maritime (1)
• Oil (1)
• Gas (1)
  [ANY ONE]  (1 x 1)  (1)

2.4.4

• Locals may not have the necessary skills/qualifications to qualify for these jobs (2)
• Skilled workers from other areas would be eligible for these employment opportunities (2)
• May result in nepotism, bribery and corruption to secure jobs (2)
• Foreign investment is susceptible to changes in world markets that may cause shutting down of these companies (2)
• Job losses may result from smaller businesses closing because of competition with these big businesses (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2)  (4)

2.4.5

• Contribute to infrastructural development (roads, railway lines etc.) linking the region (2)
• Oil and gas industry has the potential to expand to the West Coast SDI (2)
• Wind farms in the area has contributed to the amount of renewable energy available in the region (2)
• Reduced unemployment by increasing the number of jobs available for the entire region (2)
• Contributed to the upskilling of the labour pool that are available now for jobs in the region (2)
• Attracted skilled labour from other parts of the country and world to the region (2)
• It has attracted international investment who may look to expand business opportunities in the entire region (2)
• Increased exports from the region that adds to the Gross Geographical Product (GGP) (2)
  [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2)  (8)

2.5
2.5.1 Exchange of goods and service between countries (1)
[CONCEPT]  (1 x 1)  (1)
2.5.2 China (1) (1 x 1) (1)
2.5.3 The whole map of Africa is depicted (1) (1 x 1) (1)
2.5.4

• We have access to foreign income from exports (1)
• Stimulates our secondary industry which creates more jobs (1)
  [ANY ONE]  (1 x 2) (2)

2.5.5

• Trade deal between the African countries and China is mostly beneficial towards China (2)
• China is literally taking ownership of African resources (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

2.5.6 We mostly export raw materials as opposed to manufactured goods (2) China exports manufactured goods to our country (2) (2 x 2)  (4)
2.5.7

• We would have to make more loans from the World Bank and other developed countries (2)
• This would make us more vulnerable to rich countries meddling in our economic matters (2)
• Local businesses/industries would close (2)
• Less foreign investment would take place in the country (2) There would-be large-scale job losses (2)
  [ANY TWO] (All concepts for 2 marks) (2 x 2) (4)

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SECTION B: GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES QUESTION 3
MAPWORK SKILLS AND CALCULATIONS
3.1
3.1.1 Larger / Bigger / Increasing (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.1.2

• Mean annual change for Louis Trichardt is West/Westwards (1) (1 x 1) (1)

3.2
3.2.1

• Length = 4,1 cm x 500 [4,0 – 4,2]
  Breadth = 3,8  cm x 500 [3,7 cm – 3,9 cm]
  
  Area = 2 050 m  x 1 900 m
  = 3 8950 000 m² 
  (Range: 370 000 m² – 4 095 000 m²]
  [Accept other calculation method] (5 x 1) (5)

3.2.2

• The scale of the orthophoto map is larger (2) The scale of the topographic map is smaller (2)
• Orthophoto map scale is 1 : 10 000 and topographic map scale is 1 : 50 000 (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

3.3

• There no obstruction between 5 and 6 (1)
• The valley forms no obstruction between 5 and 6 (1)
• The slope is concave (1)
• Gentle gradient between 5 and 6 (1)
• Intervisibility between 5 and 6 (1)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)

MAP INTERPRETATION
3.4 C (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.5

• Large stands (2)
• Planned irregular street pattern (2)
• Presence of trees and gardens (2)
• Proximity to recreational areas (2)
• Houses of different architectural design (2)
• Views / elevation (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

3.6
3.6.1Answer: Dry-point settlement (1)

• Reason: Settlement is built on higher ground to avoid flooding (2)
• Settlement is built away from the river to avoid flooding (2)
• Built above flood line/flood contour (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 + 2)  (3)

3.6.2 It is situated close to the road for transportation of crops/increased accessibility to the farmstead (2)  (1 x 2)  (2)
3.7

• N: Nucleated / Clustered (1)
• S: Isolated / Dispersed (1) (2 x 1) (2)

GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS)
3.8
3.8.1 Attribute data: Refers to the description/characteristics (further information) of the location (and shape) of a feature (spatial data) (2) [CONCEPT] (1 x 2) (2)
3.8.2 Attribute data (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.8.3

• It gives descriptions/characteristics (further information) regarding the type of road (2)
• It gives the description/characteristic (further information) about the road being tarred (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2)  (2)

3.9
3.9.1 Creating an area of specific width or distance from an object (2) [CONCEPT]  (1 x 2) (2)
3.9.2 Avoid flooding along the rivers (1) Minimise loss of crops (1) Prevent any development (1) Ensure river management (1) [ANY ONE]  (1 x 1) (1)

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TOTAL: 150