MEMORANDUM

SECTION A: CLIMATOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.1.1 D (1)
1.1.2 G (1)
1.1.3 C (1)
1.1.4 F (1)
1.1.5 H (1)
1.1.6 B (1)
1.1.7 E (1) (7 x 1) (7)
1.2
1.2.1 B (1)
1.2.2 B (1)
1.2.3 A (1)
1.2.4 C (1)
1.2.5 B (1)
1.2.6 C (1)
1.2.7 A (1)
1.2.8 C (1) (8 x 1) (8)
1.3
1.3.1 4 hPa/mb (1) (1 x 1) (1)
1.3.2 They are further north/migrating northwards (2) They are closer to the land (2) [Any ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
1.3.3

• On-shore winds from the South Indian high have a shorter fetch (distance to travel) hence they pick up less moisture over the ocean reducing the amount of rainfall in winter (2)
• Interior dominated by high pressure/winter descending air (2) Warm sector of the mid-latitude cyclone (2)
• Cool air diverging toward the country with low moisture levels (2) Inversion below the escarpment restricting moist air to reach the interior (2)
  [Any ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

1.3.4

1. Eastwards (1)
   West to east (1)
   [Any ONE] (1 x 1) (1)
2. Warm front occlusion (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3. The coldest air is found in front of the cold front (2)
   Cool air behind the cold front glides over the cold air in front of it (2) (2 x 2) (4)
4. Wind direction
   Clockwise spiralling of air (2) Backing of the wind will occur (2)
   [Any ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
   Precipitation
   Light to moderate rainfall due to Cirrus and Cirrostratus clouds (2)
   Heavy continuous rainfall due to Nimbostratus clouds (2)
   [Any ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

1.4
1.4.1

• Directional arrow (1)
• High pressure (1020 hPa) in the interior (1)
• Coastal low at the coast (1)
  [Any ONE]  (1 x 1)  (1)

1.4.2 The Kalahari (continental) high is only dominant in winter (2) (1 x 2) (2)
1.4.3

• Air diverges from the Kalahari high pressure to the coastal low (2)
• Coastal low caused offshore movement of air (2) (2 x 2) (4)

1.4.4

• High temperatures can reduce the soil moisture content (2)
• High temperatures cause evaporation of water bodies (rivers, lakes, dams etc.) (2)
• Fires can destroy or compromise habitats/ecosystems (2) Fires can reduce biodiversity (2)
• Fires destroy natural vegetation increasing levels of soil erosion (2) Removal of natural vegetation can affect microclimate of the area (2) Strong, gusty winds increase soil erosion (2)
• Windy conditions increase silt content in dams and rivers (2) Aesthetic beauty of the area is diminished (2)
  [Any FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)

1.5
1.5.1

• High amounts of air pollution due to heat-generating activities (accept examples) (1)
• Influx of motor vehicles in the city (1)
• Industrial activity in cities emit large amounts of air pollution (1)
• Deforestation decrease photosynthesis and increase CO2 (1)
• Construction activities causes dust particles (1)
  [Any TWO] (2 x 1)  (2)

1.5.2

• It is compressed (1)
• Well defined/dome shaped over the city (1)
  [Any ONE] (1 x 1) (1)

1.5.3

• There are no convection streams to disperse the pollutants vertically (2)
• Descending air is stronger at night (2)
  [Any ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

1.5.4

• Greenhouse effect is generated by pollutants that are trapped (2)
• Pollutants in the city forms artificial clouds and traps the terrestrial radiation causing a greenhouse effect (2)
  [Any ONE] (1 x 2)  (2)

1.5.5

• It is more dominant in winter due to subsiding colder air that produces inversion conditions (2)
• Pollutants trapped over the city affects air quality that is in direct contact with people (2)
• Less convection streams that remove pollutants into the upper atmosphere (2)
  [Any TWO] (2 x 2)  (4)

1.5.6

• Reduce carbon emissions by the use of alternate sources of energy (accept examples) (2)
• Reduces the number of private vehicles on our roads (accept examples) (2)
• Decentralisation of industries from the city to the surrounding countryside (2)
• Create more parks/greenbelts in the city/plant more trees to absorb more carbon dioxide (2)
• Green policy to be included in all legislation (2)
• Awareness/education campaigns on green policies (2)
• Households (accept examples) (2)
• Roof top gardens (2)
  [Any TWO] (2 x 2)  (4)

[60]

QUESTION 2
2.1
2.1.1 B (1)
2.1.2 F (1)
2.1.3 E (1)
2.1.4 H (1)
2.1.5 D (1)
2.1.6 G (1)
2.1.7 C (1) (7 x 1) (7)
2.2
2.2.1 A (1)
2.2.2 D (1)
2.2.3 B (1)
2.2.4 C (1)
2.2.5 C (1)
2.2.6 D (1)
2.2.7 B (1)
2.2.8 A (1) (8 x 1) (8)
2.3
2.3.1

• Uplift of the land (isostatic uplift) (1)
• Sea level drops (1)
• Increase in volume of water (river capture) (1)
• Higher rainfall (1)
  [Any ONE]    (1 x 1)  (1)

2.3.2 Due to the lowering of the base level the river gains energy and starts to erode vertically (2) (1 x 2) (2)
2.3.3

1. The meander changes into an entrenched/incised meander (2) (1 x 2) (2)
2. It will be expensive to construct a bridge at this point (2)
   It will be difficult to construct a bridge due to the instability of the rock structure (2)
   [Any ONE] (1 x 2)   (2)

2.3.4 

• River will now show a multi-concave profile (2)
• River becomes ungraded (2)
  [Any ONE]  (1 x 2) (2)

2.3.5

• It indicates the point where rejuvenation has taken place (2)
• The point where the old erosion level meets with the new (2)
  [Any ONE]  (1 x 2) (2)

2.3.5

• The knickpoint can retreat upstream because of headward erosion (2)
• Waterfalls can form at the knickpoint due to the break/lowering along the course of the river (2) (2 x 2)  (4)

2.4
2.4.1 Lower (1) (1 x 1) (1)
2.4.2 Wider channel (2) Floodplain is indicated (2) [Any ONE]  (1 x 2) (2)
2.4.3

• Deposits of silt accumulate on the floodplain (2)
• This silt deposits enrich/replenish the soil and increases its fertility (2)
  (2 x 2)  (4)

2.4.4

• It is effective in flood control as it acts as a buffer that can protect surrounding land (2)
• Floodplains ensures soil fertility/conservation as silt is continually deposited (2)
• It provides a habitat for ecosystems that can thrive on natural vegetation (2)
• It works in tandem with the river to ensure biodiversity (2)
• It contributes to the aesthetic beauty of the drainage basin (2)
  [Any TWO] (2 x 2)  (4)

2.4.5

• Heavy rainfall will destroy agricultural crops/livestock (2)
• Run-off would wash away fertile soil (2)
• Homes destroyed on floodplain (2)
• Infrastructure would be damaged (2)
• Lead to loss of lives (2)
  [Any TWO]   (2 x 2)  (4)

2.5
2.5.1 19 million (1) (1 x 1) (1)
2.5.2 ‘... inoperative and dilapidated wastewater treatment plants.’ (1)  (1 x 1) (1)
2.5.3 Reduces the amount of oxygen available to plants and animals in a river (1) (1 x 1) (1)
2.5.4

• To protect water resources and make water use sustainable (2)
• Manage water for irrigation in agricultural production (2)
• Increased human activities are causing more water pollution and this must be management and prevented (2)
• Building of dams ensure permanent water supply for human activities (2)
• Controlling flood damage (2)
• Making sure that water recreational activities and sport are being practiced so that water resources are not polluted or exploited (2)
• To make water available in a responsible manner for manufacturing (2)
  [Any TWO] (2 x 2)  (4)

2.5.5

• Fines to be imposed on municipalities (2)
• Legislation preventing raw sewage from being dumped in rivers (2)
• Allocation of sufficient budgets to fix wastewater treatment plants (2)
• Provision of suitably qualified technicians to attend to the maintenance of wastewater treatment plants (2)
• Encourage recycling of sewage (2)
• Frequent testing of water quality to monitor impurities (2)
  [Any FOUR] (4 x 2)   (8)

[60]

SECTION B: GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES QUESTION 3
MAPWORK SKILLS AND CALCULATIONS
3.1
3.1.1 D (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.1.2
 (4 x 1) (4)
3.2

• VI = 1 600 m – 1 235 m               VI = 1 600 m – 1 235 m
         = 365 m (1)                                = 365 m (1)
  HE = 1,6 (1) cm x 500 m          HE = 16 (1) cm x 100 000
                                                                         500
  Range for measurement [1,59 cm to 1,61 cm]
  = 800 m (1)                   OR              = 800 m (1)
  Range for HE [795 m – 805 m]
  G =365/800 (1) (One mark for correct substitution) G =  365/800 (1) 
  = 1 : 2,19 / 1 in 2,19 / 1/2,19 (1)                     = 1 : 2,19 / 1 in 2,19 / 1/2,19
  Range for final answer [1 : 2,18 – 1 : 2,21]   (5 x 1) (5)

MAP INTERPRETATION
3.3
3.3.1 D (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.3.2 A (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.4
3.4.1 Katabatic (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.4.2

• There is more subsiding air during the night which pushes the inversion layer/thermal belt/pollution dome lower (2)
• A lower inversion layer/thermal belt/pollution dome will result in a high pollution concentration (2)
  [Any ONE] (1 x 2)  (2)

3.4.3

• The vegetation/trees in the area/green parks (REC)/green belts (increase afforestation) (2)
• Outskirts of Louis Trichardt – open space (2)
  [Any ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

3.5
3.5.1 Southerly (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.5.2

• Dam wall is on the southern section of the dam (2)
• Contour lines show decrease in height in a southerly direction (2)
• Spot heights show decrease in height in a southerly direction (2)
• The bend of the contour lines in the river valley point to increasing height/V-shape points upstream (2)
• The water accumulates north of the dam wall (2)
  [Any TWO] (2 x 2)  (4)

GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS)
3.6
3.6.1 It is facts or figures, or  information that is stored in or used by a computer. (2) [CONCEPT] (1 x 2) (2)
3.6.2 Primary data (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.6.3 Woodland (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.6.4

• Deforestation has increased silt in the dam and reduced dam volumes (2)
• The sluices will be blocked due to silting and will cause damage (2)
• Repairing the damage to the sluices will be costly (2)
• The blockage will increase dam levels much quicker and can cause flooding (2)
  [Any TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

[30]
GRAND TOTAL: 150