AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES PAPER 2
GRADE 12
NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATIONS
MAY/JUNE 2021

SECTION A
QUESTION 1

1.1

1.1.1   D ✓✓
1.1.2   B ✓✓
1.1.3   C ✓✓
1.1.4   C ✓✓
1.1.5   D ✓✓
1.1.6   C ✓✓
1.1.7   A ✓✓
1.1.8   B ✓✓
1.1.9   D ✓✓
1.1.10 B ✓✓
(10 x 2) (20)

1.2

1.2.1  D ✓✓
1.2.2  F ✓✓
1.2.3  H ✓✓
1.2.4  C ✓✓
1.2.5  B ✓✓
(5 x 2) (10)

1.3

1.3.1  Shortage ✓✓
1.3.2  Contract ✓✓
1.3.3  Dominant ✓✓
1.3.4  Epistasis ✓✓
1.3.5  Heredity ✓✓
(5 x 2) (10)

1.4

1.4.1 Green marketing/eco-labelling ✓
1.4.2 Motivation ✓
1.4.3 Pedigree ✓
1.4.4 Haemophilia ✓
1.4.5 Polygenic inheritance ✓
(5 x 1) (5)

TOTAL SECTION A: 45

SECTION B

QUESTION 2: AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING

2.1 Marketing
2.1.1 Definition of the concept marketing
The process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion ✓ and distribution of ideas, goods and services to consumers ✓ (2)

2.1.2 The differences between marketing and selling

1. Marketing ✓ (1)
2. Selling ✓ (1)
3. Selling ✓ (1)

2.2 Inelasticity of demand
2.2.1 Deduction of the marketing concept

Price inelasticity of demand ✓ (1)

2.2.2 A reason for the answer

The demand changed slightly despite the huge change in price ✓ (1)

2.2.3 Explanation of the reason why consumers responded in this way

Maize meal is a necessity/staple food ✓ people will therefore buy maize meal even with a price increase ✓ (2)

2.2.4 Identification of the factor leading to the differences in the number bags demanded

Price ✓ (1)

2.3 Cooperative marketing of avocadoes

2.3.1 Identification of the agricultural marketing system

Cooperative marketing ✓ (1)

2.3.2 Indication of the role of agricultural marketing system

Production/selling/marketing ✓ (1)

2.3.3 TWO benefits for the marketing system to farmers

• Lower marketing costs/cost distribution ✓
• Requirements/services are supplied cheaper/bulk purchasing ✓
• More bargaining power ✓
• Access to funding/credit to producers ✓
• Higher prices are obtained ✓
• Elimination of the intermediaries ✓
• Potential for growth ✓
•  Access to better infrastructure ✓
• Branding ✓
• Risk sharing ✓
• Farmer spend more time on producing than on marketing ✓
• Access to professional expertise ✓ (Any 2) (2)

2.3.4 TWO factors that may hamper the marketing of avocadoes

• Perishability/spoilage ✓
• Seasonal fluctuations in production ✓
• Lack of capital ✓
• Poor infrastructure ✓
• Wide distribution of production areas ✓
• Ineffective control over production ✓
• Risk/theft/accidents ✓
• Standardization ✓
• Large volume in relation to value/bulkiness ✓
  (Any 2) (2)

2.4 Marketing function

2.4.1 Identification of the marketing function.

Packaging ✓ (1)

2.4.2 THREE characteristics of the cardboard boxes which make them suitable

• Clean/dry/undamaged/suitable for the product ✓
• No foreign tastes/odours ✓
• Free of visible signs of fungal growth ✓
• Strong/rigid/solid ✓
• Recyclable/biodegradable ✓
• Easy to handle ✓
• Identification ✓
  (Any 3) (3)

2.4.3 Reason for using cardboard boxes with holes

Allow air flow/reduce spoilage/health reasons ✓
(Any 1) (1)

2.5 Drawing up a business plan
2.5.1 ONE aspect that should be included in

1. The title page
   
   • Name of the business/person ✓
   • Logo ✓
   • Address ✓
   • Contact details of the business/person ✓
     (Any 1) (1)
2. Human resource plan
   
   •  Number and type of employees ✓
   • Competencies and skills needed ✓
     (Any 1) (1)

2.5.2 Indication of an electronic resource

Computer software programmes ✓ (1)

2.5.3 TWO reasons for drawing up a business plan

• To test the feasibility/economic viability of the business idea ✓
• To secure funding ✓
• To determine financial needs/budget ✓
• To guide daily operations/outlines roles and responsibilities ✓
• To allow the entrepreneur to foresee problems ✓
• To reposition/analyse the business ✓
• To gain knowledge about marketing opportunities and competitors ✓
• To ensure effective business management ✓
• Mapping out the objectives/goals of the enterprise ✓
• Provides information on the internal/external business environment ✓
• Provision of time frames ✓
  (Any 2) (2)

2.5.4 ONE problem encountered when drawing up a business plan

• Incomplete/with gaps ✓
• Vague ✓
• Unrealistic assumptions/over ambitious ✓
• Hiding weaknesses and risks ✓
• Not taking the competition into account ✓
• Using the incorrect format ✓
• Insufficient research ✓
• Insufficient technical details ✓
  (Any 1) (1)

2.6 Entrepreneurship

2.6.1 Rearrangement of the phases of the entrepreneurial process

• D ✓ (1)
• A ✓ (1)
• C ✓ (1)
• B ✓ (1)

2.6.2 TWO aspects of the SWOT analysis

1. Internal - Strength ✓ weaknesses ✓ (2)
2. External - Opportunities ✓ threats ✓(2)

[35]

QUESTION 3: PRODUCTION FACTORS

3.1 Land

3.1.1 The life of soil is unlimited if used correctly - Durability ✓ (1)
3.1.2 12% of the soil in South Africa can be cultivated - Availability ✓ (1)
3.1.3 Soil may be damaged but cannot be destroyed - Indestructibility ✓ (1)

3.2 TWO economic functions of land

• Land provides space/area ✓
• Provides raw materials ✓
• Provides minerals ✓
• Food security ✓
• Serves as collateral/security ✓
  (Any 2) (2)

3.3 Labour

3.3.1 Labour legislation

Basic Conditions of Employment Act (Act 75 of 1997)/BCEA ✓ (1)

3.3.2 TWO problems experienced by farm workers

• Long working hours ✓
• HIV/AIDS infections ✓ (2)

3.3.3 TWO ways to address the impact of HIV/AIDS infections on farms

• HIV/AIDS awareness campaigns/education/workshops ✓
• Provisions of condoms ✓
• Nutritional schemes ✓
• Provision of ARV's ✓
• Avoid multiple partners ✓
• Support groups ✓
• Treatment of STI’s ✓
  (Any 2) (2)

3.3.4 TWO types of temporary farm workers

• Casual worker ✓
• Seasonal worker ✓ (2)

3.4 Income and expense record of a farm

3.4.1 Calculation of the profit or loss of the cattle enterprise

• Profit/loss = total income – total expenditure ✓
• = R455 000 – R13 041 ✓
• Profit = R441 959 ✓ (3)

3.4.2 Comparing the profit of the tomato and maize enterprises

• The profit of tomatoes is higher ✓ than that of maize ✓
• The profit of maize is lower ✓ than that of tomatoes ✓
  (Any 1) (2)

3.4.3 TWO overhead expense items

• Fuel ✓
• Truck licence ✓ (2)

3.5 Capital

3.5.1 Indication of the types of capital

• Fixed ✓
• Movable ✓
• Floating/working/production ✓
  (Any 2) (2)

3.5.2 Total value of the assets

• R20 300 000 ✓ (1)

3.5.3 Deduction of the type of credit obtained by the farmer

• Medium term credit ✓ (1)

3.5.4 Justification of the answer

• It is used to purchase movable capital/truck ✓ (1)

3.5.5 Capital item regarded as a liability

• Truck ✓ (1)

3.6 Graph

• Bar graph showing the prices of animal products in 2010 and 2020
  

CRITERIA/RUBRIC/MARKING GUIDELINES

• Correct heading ✓
• X-axis: Correctly calibrated with label (Products) ✓
• Y axis: Correctly calibrated with label (Price) ✓
• Correct units (c/kg) ✓
• Bar graph ✓
• Accuracy ✓ (6)

3.7 Differentiation between the internal and external forces

Internal forces - Those that have their origin on the farm and can be dealt
with on the farm ✓ (1)

External forces - Those factors the farmer has no control over ✓ (1)

3.8 Definition of risk sharing as a strategy of management
The strategy in which the cost of consequences of a risk ✓ is distributed amongst several stakeholders ✓ (2)
[35]

QUESTION 4: BASIC AGRICULTURAL GENETICS

4.1 Variation

4.1.1 Identification of the number of cows with the highest milk yield

6 ✓ (1)

4.1.2 Identification of the factor leading to the differences in milk yield

Feeding/Nutrition ✓ (1)

4.1.3 Indication of the cause of the differences in milk production

Environmental ✓ (1)

4.1.4 TWO genetic causes of variation

• Meiosis/crossing over/recombination of genes ✓
• Fertilisation ✓
• Mutation ✓
  (Any 2) (2)

4.2 Crossing of white rose with a red rose to produce pink flowers

4.2.1 Determination of the type of dominance
Incomplete dominance ✓ (1)
4.2.2 Punnett square determining the genotypes/phenotypes of the F2

MARKING CRITERIA

• Correct gametes for parent 1 ✓
• Correct gametes for parent 2 ✓
• Correct offspring ✓
• Punnett square with gametes and offspring ✓ (4)

4.2.3

1. Phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation 
   1 red : 2 pink : 1 white ✓ (1)
   
   
2. Calculation of the pink offspring
    2  x 700 ✓
    4
   = 350 ✓ (2)
3. The percentage of red offspring - 25% ✓
   (1)

4.3 Breeding systems

4.3.1 Identification of the animal breeding system

Cross breeding ✓ (1)

4.3.2 Reason for the answer

Two different breeds are crossed/Hereford and Nguni ✓ (1)

4.3.3 TWO characteristics of the offspring that makes it better

• Higher growth rate ✓
• More resistant to pests/parasites/diseases ✓ (2)

4.3.4 TWO advantages of inbreeding

• Uniform/homozygous offspring are produced ✓
• Farmer obtain pure-bred groups ✓
• Good characteristics from the ancestors are maintained ✓
• Bad recessive genes can be eliminated ✓
• Help with selection between family groups ✓
• Herd has greater prepotency ✓
  (Any 2) (2)

4.4 Pedigree

4.4.1 Determination of homozygous or heterozygous

1. 4 - Homozygous ✓ (1)
2.  5 - Heterozygous ✓ (1)

4.4.2 Reason for the answer

The offspring has the recessive allele from the male parent/offspring 7 is homozygous recessive because it received one of its recessive allele from parent 5 ✓ (1)

4.4.3 Indicate the genotype of individual:

1. 2 - Rr ✓ (1)
2. 7 - rr ✓ (1)

4.5 Mutations

4.5.1 Definition of mutation

Is a sudden change ✓ in the genetic composition of an organism ✓ (2)

4.5.2 TWO types of mutagenic agents

• Physical ✓
• Chemical ✓
• Biological ✓
  (Any 2) (2)

4.6 Genetic modification technique in plants

4.6.1 Identification of the genetic modification technique

Agrobacterium tumefaciens/bacterial carriers ✓ (1)

4.6.2 Labelling structures

A - Recombinant plasmid ✓ (1)
D - Transgenic plant/Genetically modified plant/GMO ✓ (1)

4.6.3 Definition of genetically modified plant

A plant whose DNA has been manipulated through technology ✓ to change its original DNA ✓ (2)

4.6.4 ONE advantage of genetic modification

It is faster ✓
More precise ✓
Not limited to organisms of the same species ✓
(Any 1) (1)

[35]

TOTAL SECTION B: 105
GRAND TOTAL: 150