AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
GRADE 12 
NSC PAST PAPERS AND MEMOS
FEBRUARY/MARCH 2017

MEMORANDUM

SECTION A 
QUESTION 1 
1.1 Multiple-choice questions 

1.1.1 A ✓✓ 
1.1.2 B ✓✓ 
1.1.3 C ✓✓ 
1.1.4 D ✓✓ 
1.1.5 C ✓✓ 
1.1.6 B ✓✓ 
1.1.7 B ✓✓ 
1.1.8 A ✓✓ 
1.1.9 A ✓✓ 
1.1.10 D ✓✓ (10 x 2) (20)

1.2 Matching items 

1.2.1 C ✓✓ 
1.2.2 G ✓✓ 
1.2.3 D ✓✓ 
1.2.4 H ✓✓ 
1.2.5 I ✓✓ 
1.2.6 K ✓✓ 
1.2.7 J ✓✓ 
1.2.8 F ✓✓ 
1.2.9 E ✓✓ 
1.2.10 B ✓✓ (10 x 2) (20)

1.3 Correct agricultural term 

1.3.1 Price setting/price ✓ 
1.3.2 Organogram ✓ 
1.3.3 Annual leave ✓ 
1.3.4 Turnover ✓ 
1.3.5 Marketing costs ✓ 
1.3.6 Production capital ✓ 
1.3.7 Invoice ✓ 
1.3.8 Logbook ✓ 
1.3.9 Human resources ✓ 
1.3.10 Crop rotation ✓ (10 x 1) (10)

TOTAL SECTION A: 50

SECTION B 
QUESTION 2: PHYSICAL AND FINANCIAL PLANNING
2.1 2.1.1 Examination of a candidate and motivation 

1. Farm manager 
   Candidate A ✓
   Has good qualifications and management skills ✓ (2)
2. Farm worker 
   Candidate B ✓
   Is good in technical skills ✓ (2) 

2.1.2 A candidate that would not work in the workshop 

• Candidate A ✓ (1) 

2.1.3 Unskilled worker 

• No unskilled worker ✓ 
• Because both candidates are trained and have qualifications and certificates ✓ (2) 

2.2.1 THREE fixed capital from the case study 

• Borehole ✓ 
• Reservoir ✓ 
• Land ✓ 
• Small-stock housing ✓ (Any 3) (3) 

2.2.2 THREE methods to improve the productivity of agricultural  land 

• Scientific farming methods/Intercropping ✓ 
• Irrigation system ✓ 
• Diversification ✓ (3) 

2.2.3 One method to reduce risks in a small-scale agricultural  enterprise 

• Diversification✓ 
• The risks are spread to different enterprises ✓
  OR 
• Irrigation ✓ 
• less dependence on rainfall and unpredictable climate ✓
  OR 
• Scientific practices ✓ 
• More precise to measure inputs ✓ (2)

2.2.4 Advantages of organic farming 

• Less pollution with chemicals ✓ 
• Protection of the natural predators ✓ (2)

2.3 2.3.1 Description of the carrying capacity 

1. Savannah: moderate ✓ (1) 
2. Forest: very low ✓ (1) 
3. Grassland: highest ✓ (1) 
4. Karoo: low ✓ (1) 
5. Fynbos: low ✓  (1) 

2.3.2 Feeding value and management of sweet and sour-veld 

1. Sweet veld 
   • Feeding value stays the same throughout the year ✓
2. • If veld is well managed, animals can be kept on pastures  throughout the year without extra feeding✓
   • Longer grazing periods as grass retains it nutritional value  ✓ 
   • Less to no supplementation in winter✓ (Any 2) (2)
3. Sour-veld 
   • Feeding value is high during spring and summer ✓
   • Feeding values during winter months are very low ✓
   • Management include supplementary feeds during the  winter ✓ 
   • Shorter grazing periods as older grass tends to lose its  palatability. ✓
   • Providing supplementary feeds and licks in winter. ✓ (Any 3)  (3) 

2.4 Whole enterprise planning phases in their correct sequence

• Data collection ✓ 
• Land utilization planning ✓ 
• Alternative and potential ✓ 
• Systems ✓ 
• Sustainability ✓ 
• Management ✓ (6)

2.5 2.5.1 The physical aspects of the farm set out by farm budget

• What to produce ✓ 
• How much to produce/total hectares used for production ✓ 
• Resources to be invested ✓ (3) 

2.5.2 TWO basic elements of a budget 

• Estimated income ✓ 
• Estimated costs ✓ (2) 

2.5.3 The use of cash flow budget as a financial tool 

• To monitor expenditure/Checking whether money is spent as  planned ✓ 
• To avoid cash management problems/The budget shows  whether income will be enough to pay for expenditures when  they arise ✓ 
• To indicate when surplus funds become available ✓ 
• Indicate the spread of funds for new investments ✓ 
• Indicate that the farm will always have enough money to  operate/Ensure no cash flow problems during off seasons ✓  (Any 4) (4) 

2.6 TWO reasons for soil cultivation 

• To prepare veld for crop production ✓ 
• To form a seedbed ✓ 
• To break hardened soils/plough layer/pan ✓ 
• To control weed ✓ 
• Improve aeration/drainage ✓ (Any 2) (2)

2.7 Precision farming 
2.7.1 Debate principle of precision farming 

• No✓, farmer does not adhere to principles of precision  farming ✓
  OR 
• No accurate fertilisation✓ or irrigation 
• no chemical soil analysis ✓ (2)

2.7.2 Farming practices to increase precision farming 

• Chemical soil analysis ✓ 
• Fertiliser application according to chemical soil status ✓ 
• Fertiliser spread throughout the season/as plant grow ✓ 
• Irrigation scheduling/schedule irrigation according to plant  growth ✓ 
• Take amount of rainfall into account for irrigation ✓ (Any 4) (4)

[50] 

QUESTION 3: ENTREPRENEURSHIP, RECORDING, MARKETING, BUSINESS  PLANNING AND ORGANISED AGRICULTURE 
3.1 Budget 
3.1.1 The management principle that this budget addresses 

• Financial planning ✓ (1) 

3.1.2 THREE possible markets  

• Livestock auctioning ✓ 
• Farm gate marketing ✓ 
• Manure retailers ✓ (3) 

3.1.3 Calculate the possible profit or loss 

• profit/loss = total income – total expenditure
  = R477 500, 00 − R113 564,00 ✓
  = R363 936,00 ✓ profit✓ (3) 

3.1.4 TWO possible ways to increase income 

• Find more markets ✓ 
• Add value to the product/processing ✓ 
• Sell at markets with higher prices ✓ 
• Find a different place/time to auction to get higher prices ✓  (Any 2) (2) 

3.1.5 Identification of the section of a business plan 

• Financial aspects/budget ✓ 
• Marketing ✓ (2)

3.2 Entrepreneurship 
3.2.1 FOUR main distinct phases of the entrepreneurial process

• Identify and evaluate the opportunity/Notice a need ✓ 
• Develop the business plan ✓ 
• Determine the resources required ✓ 
• Start and manage the agribusiness ✓ (4)

3.2.2 Economic importance of a business plan 

• Determine the possible income/profit ✓ 
• Compare different alternatives to choose the best one ✓ 
• Needed for financial institutions to obtain credit ✓ 
• Make the management and control on financial aspects  easier ✓ 
• Determine viability of a new enterprise ✓ (5) 

3.3 THREE important reasons of reviewing the business plan

• To provide for any changes in the market ✓ 
• To help the owner to make the best use of opportunities ✓ 
• To be prepared for possible events ✓ 
• Adopt the plan to any changes in the external environment ✓ (Any 3) (3)

3.4 Price setting 
3.4.1 A factor that determines price 

• Supply ✓ 
• Demand ✓ (Any 1) (1)

3.4.2 Line graph to represent  

Rubric: 

• Correct heading ✓ 
• Correct calibration or labelling of both axes ✓ 
• Graph start at (50; 60) ✓ 
• Straight line to (140; 35) ✓ 
• Short dip in line to (150; 30) ✓ 
• Straight line from (150: 30) to (200; 20) ✓ (6) 

3.4.3 The values where greatest number of bags were bought 

• At the price of R20,00 ✓: 200 bags ✓
  OR 
• (200 bags ✓; R20,00 ✓) (2)

3.5 Marketing 
3.5.1

1. The marketing strategy 
   Product – consider 
   • Quality of the product ✓
   • Design of packaging the product ✓
   • The size of the product ✓
   • The variety of the products ✓
   • The brand/commercial name ✓ (Any 3) (3)
2. Placement - consider
   • Process of distributing the product from one point to the  other ✓
   • Transportation, storage and refrigeration of the product ✓
   • Logistics/the control of movement of goods ✓ (Any 2) (2) 

3.5.2 THREE marketing costs 

• Packaging costs ✓ 
• Handling costs ✓ 
• Transport costs ✓ 
• Product losses ✓ 
• Promoting costs ✓ (Any 3) (3)

3.6 Statements 
3.6.1 List farm assets 

1. Fixed assets
   • Borehole ✓
   • Farm shed ✓
   • Land ✓ (Any 2)  (2)
2. Current assets 
   • Pesticides ✓
   • Fertilizers ✓
   • Cash ✓ (Any 2)  (2)
3. Medium term assets 
   • Tractor ✓
   • Farm vehicle ✓
   • Livestock ✓ (Any 2) (2) 

3.6.2 Statement of assets and liabilities 

• Balance sheet ✓ (1) 

3.7 THREE reasons for returning items 

• Incorrect items received ✓ 
• Faulty items received ✓ 
• Business/farmers not satisfied with the purchased items ✓ (3)

[50] 

QUESTION 4: HARVESTING, PROCESSING, MANAGEMENT AND AGRITOURISM
4.1 Storage 
4.1.1 The advantages of storing farm products on the farm after  harvesting 

• Products can be sold when there are better prices on the market ✓ 
• Products can be stored and processed on the farm to add value  and increase income ✓ 
• Storing is essential to buffer irregular supply ✓ 
• No external storage costs ✓ 
• To provide a regular flow of products to the consumer throughout  the year ✓ (Any 2) (2) 

4.1.2 Requirements for storage of agricultural products 

• Dry ✓ 
• Well ventilated ✓ 
• Cool ✓ 
• Dark place ✓ (4)

4.2 Labelling Act 54 of 1972 

• To protect consumers from buying contaminated food ✓ 
• To protect consumers from misleading labels ✓ (2) 4.3 Behaviour of micro-organisms at different temperatures 

4.3.1 5–10 °C 

• Microbes are inactive /not very active ✓ (1) 

4.3.2 Above 100°C 

• Microbes are killed ✓ (1) 

4.3.3 Below 0°C 

• Microbes are dormant ✓ (1) 

4.4 Principles that should be part of a food handling strategy 

• Management commitment to healthy/hygienic procedures ✓ 
• Education and training on preventative handling ✓ 
• Health interviews to ensure good hygienic procedures ✓ 
• Reporting illness of workers to management ✓ 
• Applying basic good/correct food handling practices ✓ 
• Applying basic personal hygiene practices ✓ (Any 4) (4) 

4.5 Legal documents that regulate importing of meat and dairy products  into South Africa 

• Import permit ✓  
• Veterinary health certificate ✓ (2) 

4.6 Farmer as an agritourism entrepreneur 

• To promote the farm as an agritourist destination by direct selling of  products ✓ 
• By establishing educational facilities for schools and communities ✓ (2)

4.7 Preserving 
4.7.1 Pasteurisation and sterilisation 
Pasteurisation 

• High temperatures (72°C–90°C)✓ 
• Longer period of time (15–40 minutes) ✓ 

Sterilisation 

• Very high temperatures (90°C–105°C) ✓ 
• For very short time (30–40 seconds) ✓ (4) 

4.7.2 TWO acids in preserving of food 

• Benzoic acid ✓ 
• Propionic acid ✓ 
• Scorbutic acid ✓ (2)

4.8 The planning process 

• Formulate aims and objectives ✓  
• Collect ideas and information and organise it ✓  
• Consider all variables which cannot be controlled ✓  
• Consider various possible methods of action then decide on a particular  production in farming ✓  
• Draw up a plan of action for a particular production direction ✓  
• Evaluate the plan to eliminate possible short comings ✓ (6)

4.9 Niche market 
4.9.1 Niche market 

• Specific market you give all your attention to ✓ 
• With special attention to a specific market segment ✓ (2) 

4.9.2 Steps followed in establishing a niche market 

• Identify the niche market ✓ 
• Write down the goals of the market ✓ 
• Decide which resources you need for the undertaking of the  niche marketing ✓ 
• Determine the resources not available and how to compensate  for them ✓ 
• Develop a business plan ✓ (5) 

4.10 Management functions  

• Planning and Decision making ✓ 
• Organising ✓ 
• Motivation and Leadership ✓ 
• Control ✓ 
• Coordination and evaluation ✓ (5) 

4.11 Safety requirements for processing agricultural products 

• Wear protective clothing at all times in the processing unit ✓ 
• Provide a first aid kit at different stations ✓ 
• Train first aid staff on a regularly basis ✓ 
• Train staff on safe handling of machinery ✓ 
• Train staff on safety rules applicable in the processing plant ✓ 
• Clean the place regularly during the day or in case of spoilage ✓ 
• Identify and indicate hazardous areas by proper methods ✓ (Any 4) (4) 

4.12 Steps is the management control process 

• Develop norms and standards for control ✓ 
• Measure real performance ✓ 
• Measure and evaluate deviation ✓ (3)

[50]  
TOTAL SECTION B: 150 
GRAND TOTAL: 200