AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES PAPER 2
GRADE 12
NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE
MEMORANDUM
SEPTEMBER 2018

SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.1.1 A ✓✓
1.1.2 B ✓✓
1.1.3 C ✓✓
1.1.4 A ✓✓
1.1.5 D ✓✓
1.1.6 C ✓✓
1.1.7 B ✓✓
1.1.8 A ✓✓
1.1.9 B ✓✓
1.1.10 B ✓✓
(10 x 2) (20)
1.2
1.2.1 H ✓✓
1.2.2 J ✓✓
1.2.3 B ✓✓
1.2.4 C ✓✓
1.2.5 F ✓✓
(5 x 2) (10)
1.3
1.3.1 Depreciation ✓✓
1.3.2 Unskilled labour(ers) ✓✓
1.3.3 Mutation ✓✓
1.3.4 Co-dominance ✓✓
1.3.5 Organogram ✓✓ (5 x 2)
(10)
1.4
1.4.1 Polyploidy ✓
1.4.2 Control ✓
1.4.3 Arable ✓
1.4.4 Monopsony ✓
1.4.5 Green ✓
(5 x 1) (5)
TOTAL SECTION A: 45

SECTION B
QUESTION 2
2.1
2.1.1 Name given to the process of coming up with specifications
Standardisation ✓ (1)
2.1.2 THREE specifications that should be met by the packaging material

• Material used for packaging must not contain chemicals that can contaminate the produce ✓
• The package should protect the produce from mechanical damage ✓
• Packaging must identify and provide information about the produce ✓
• Packaging must be recyclable or biodegradable ✓ (Any 3 x 1) (3)

2.1.3 TWO factors that might hamper the marketing of apples

• Perishability ✓
• Ineffective control of production ✓
• Seasonal fluctuation in production ✓
• Accidents, theft and spoilage✓
• Low value in relation to volume ✓
• Poor infrastructure ✓ (Any 2 x 1) (2)

2.2 Marketing function
2.2.1 Packaging ✓ (1)
2.2.2 Transport ✓ (1)
2.2.3 Processing ✓ (1)
2.2.4 Storage ✓ (1)
2.3
2.3.1 TWO ways of advertising agricultural products

• In-store promotions ✓
• Direct mailing ✓
• Trade fairs and exhibitions ✓
• Mass media (newspapers, television, radio, magazines, billboards)✓ (Any 2 x 1) (2)

2.3.2

1. Green marketing – a marketing approach that is responding to increasing concern about the environment ✓ (1)
2. Eco-labelling – practice of putting labels onto products to promote them as environmentally friendly ✓ (1)

2.3.3.

• Orderly marketing
• Standardisation
• Stable prices
• Secure market outlets
• Larger enterprises are able to obtain international contracts
• Farmers can focus on their farming activities, rather than spending time on marketing their produce (Any 2 x 1) (2)

2.3.4.

• Costs
• Demand
• Competition
• Supply (Any 1 x 1) (1)

2.4
2.4.1 Cause for the failure of the cooperative
The farmer did not co-operate with the other members of the co-operative ✓ (1)
2.4.2 Principles to be applied in the functioning of a co-operative

• Members’ economic participation ✓
• Co-operation among members ✓
• Voluntary and open membership ✓
• Democratic member control ✓
• Autonomy and independence ✓
• Education, training and information ✓
• Concern for community ✓(Any 2 x 1) (2)

2.4.3 Election of a co-operative director
They are supposed to be elected democratically, ✓ since co-operatives are autonomous and independent ✓ (2)
2.5
2.5.1 Entrepreneurial success factors

• Innovative / creative ✓
• Perseverance ✓
• Hardworking ✓
• Dynamism ✓
• Market driven ✓
• Interpersonal skills ✓
• Decision-making skills ✓
• Risk orientation ✓ (Any 2 x 1) (2)

2.5.2 Document referred to in the passage
Business plan ✓ (1)
2.5.3 Reasons for drawing up a business plan

• To determine the business’ financial needs ✓
• To secure funding ✓
• To guide daily operations ✓
• To test feasibility of a business idea✓
• To foresee problems or risks ✓ (Any 2 x 1) (2)

2.6
2.6.1 Line graph

Criteria

• Correct heading ✓
• X-axis correctly calibrated and labelled (Quantity)✓
• Y-axis correctly calibrated and labelled (Price) ✓
• Correct units (Kg and R) ✓
• Line graph ✓
• Accuracy ✓ (6)

2.6.2 Situation at a price of R7
Oversupply / Surplus ✓ (1)
2.6.3 Price at which tomatoes will be sold
R5 ✓ (1)
[35]

QUESTION 3
3.1
3.1.1 Budget type
Project/Partial budget ✓ (1)
3.1.2 Motivation
Used to investigate the effect of changes in farm operations on profitability ✓✓ (2)
3.1.3 Net change
= R8 000 ✓– R6 000 ✓
= R2 000 ✓ (3)
3.1.4 Implication
The farmer can switch from manual weeding to herbicide use ✓ because herbicide use is cheaper than manual weeding ✓/ the net change is positive ✓ (2)
3.1.5 Importance of keeping financial records
Enables farmers to:

• Manage capital ✓
• Analyse past and current performance ✓
• Apply for funding from financial institutions ✓
• Draw up budgets ✓
• Provide information for tax purposes ✓ (Any 3 x 1) (3)

3.1.6 ONE example of financial records
Labour records / Crop records / Livestock records / Mechanisation records / Inventory records / Records of Sales of Purchase
(Any 1 x 1) (1)
3.2
3.2.1 Consequences of lack of HIV/Aids awareness campaigns

• Loss of skills and experience ✓
• Labour shortages ✓
• Absenteeism ✓ (Any 2 x 1) (2)

3.2.2 Ways of reducing the spread of HIV/Aids on farms

• Ensuring workers have access to condoms ✓
• Ensuring workers have access to treatment for sexually transmitted diseases ✓
• Ensuring access to anti-retroviral medication ✓ (Any 2 x 1) (2)

3.3
3.3.1 Type of risk
Production risk ✓ / technical risk ✓ (1)
3.3.2 Risk management strategy used by the farmer
Diversification ✓ (1)
3.3.3 How the strategy assisted the farmer
Even though the maize crop/yield failed, ✓ the farmer got income from other enterprises ✓ helping him stay afloat (2)
3.3.4 Other risk management strategies

• Insurance ✓
• Risk sharing ✓ (2)

3.4
3.4.1 Economic characteristics of land in the scenario

• Urban development ✓
• Land is limited ✓ (2)

3.4.2 THREE ways farmers can increase yields

• Improving soil fertility✓
• Improving water management / irrigation ✓
• Consolidation of uneconomical farming units ✓
• Use of scientific farming methods✓ (Any 3 x 1) (3)

3.4.3 TWO functions of land

• Source of minerals ✓
• Provides space for agricultural activities ✓
• Provides food for humans and livestock ✓
• Use of scientific farming methods ✓ (Any 2 x 1) (2)

3.5
3.5.1 Occupational Health and Safety Act (Act no. 85 of 1993) ✓ (1)
3.5.2 Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act (Act no. 130 of 1993) ✓ (1)
3.5.3 The Skills Development Act (Act no. 97 of 1998) ✓ (1)
3.5.4 Ways of motivating farm workers

• Fair remuneration✓
• Safe and secure housing ✓
• Recreational facilities✓
• Training✓ (Any 3 x 1) (3)

[35]

QUESTION 4
4.1
4.1.1 Genotype of each of the parents
Cow – TTBB ✓
Bull – ttbb ✓ (2)
4.1.2 F2 generation Punnet square

Checklist

• Gametes all correct ✓ (1)
• Dihybrid Punnet square ✓ (1)
• 1 mark for four correct genotypes in a row x 4 ✓✓✓✓(4)

4.1.3 Type of cross in the scenario
Dihybrid cross ✓ (1)
4.1.4 Reason
Two genes / characteristics are involved in the cross ✓ (1)
4.1.5 Classification of characteristics
Qualitative✓ (1)
4.2.
4.2.1 Phenotypes of the feathers

1. white ✓
2. white ✓
3. black ✓ (3)

4.2.2 Type of inheritance described in the passage
Epistasis ✓ (1)
4.3.
4.3.1 Characteristic that the farmer should not select for
Weaning mass ✓ (1)
4.3.2 Justification
Low heritability of 36% ✓ which means the trait is influenced more by the environment than genes ✓ (2)
4.3.3 Provide a name for the use of statistics in biology to analyse genetic data of individuals in order to estimate true genetics and their breeding value
Biometrics / Biostatistics ✓(1)
4.4.
4.4.1 Process mentioned
Genetic modification ✓ (1)
4.4.2 TWO techniques that can be used to insert genes into the DNA of an organism

• Electroporation ✓
• Micro-injection ✓
• Biolistics / Bioballistics ✓
• Bacterial carriers✓
• Viral carriers ✓
• Gene splicing✓
• Lipofection ✓ (Any 2 x 1) (2)

4.4.3 THREE reasons why plant breeders make use of the method above as opposed to traditional methods

• Genetic engineering is precise ✓
• Genetic engineering is not limited to individuals of the same species ✓
• Genetic engineering is faster ✓ (3)

4.4.4 THREE reasons to support the banning of GMOs

• Farmers in developing countries might not afford them ✓
• Farmers cannot retain seeds✓
• GMOs might contain toxins or cause allergies✓
• Farmers may use excessive amounts of herbicides resulting in pollution ✓
• Beneficial insects might be killed✓
• Genes might spread to wild plants ✓ (Any 3 x 1) (3)

4.5
4.5.1.

1. Crossing over ✓ (1)
2. Recombination of genes ✓ (1)

4.5.2. Mutation types

1. – Deletion ✓
2. – Duplication ✓
3. – Inversion ✓ (3)

4.5.3. Significance of mutation in plant and animal breeding
Results in variation ✓ which is the foundation for plant and animal breeding ✓ (2)
[35]
TOTAL SECTION B: 105
GRAND TOTAL: 150